State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, P. R. China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2015 Jun 2;49(11):6772-82. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00729. Epub 2015 May 21.
Antibiotics are widely used in humans and animals, but there is a big concern about their negative impacts on ecosystem and human health after use. So far there is a lack of information on emission inventory and environmental fate of antibiotics in China. We studied national consumption, emissions, and multimedia fate of 36 frequently detected antibiotics in China by market survey, data analysis, and level III fugacity modeling tools. Based on our survey, the total usage for the 36 chemicals was 92700 tons in 2013, an estimated 54000 tons of the antibiotics was excreted by human and animals, and eventually 53800 tons of them entered into the receiving environment following various wastewater treatments. The fugacity model successfully predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in all 58 river basins of China, which are comparable to the reported measured environmental concentrations (MECs) available in some basins. The bacterial resistance rates in the hospitals and aquatic environments were found to be related to the PECs and antibiotic usages, especially for those antibiotics used in the most recent period. This is the first comprehensive study which demonstrates an alarming usage and emission of various antibiotics in China.
抗生素被广泛应用于人类和动物，但人们对其使用后对生态系统和人类健康的负面影响仍存在担忧。目前，中国在抗生素排放清单和环境归宿方面的信息仍十分缺乏。本研究通过市场调查、数据分析和三级逸度模型工具，研究了中国 36 种常用抗生素的全国消费、排放情况和多种介质归宿。根据我们的调查，这 36 种化学物质的总用量为 2013 年的 92700 吨，估计有 54000 吨抗生素被人类和动物排泄，最终有 53800 吨抗生素通过各种废水处理进入环境。逸度模型成功预测了中国 58 个流域的所有环境浓度（PEC），与一些流域报道的实测环境浓度（MEC）相当。医院和水生环境中的细菌耐药率与 PEC 和抗生素的使用情况有关，尤其是那些最近使用的抗生素。这是首次全面研究中国各种抗生素的使用和排放情况，结果令人震惊。
