Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Sep 1;635:144-155. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.370. Epub 2018 Apr 13.
Extensive environmental monitoring was conducted in an urban river impacted by multiple combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge points. Temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate steroids (progesterone (Prog), testosterone (Testo), medroxyprogesterone (MDRXY-Prog), levonorgestrel (Levo), norethindrone (Nore), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) were investigated in sewage, WWTP effluents, receiving river water and sediments, and in drinking water plant (DWP) intakes. Steroids were detected in both dissolved and particulate phases with mean concentrations from 21ngL to 389ngL in raw sewage and from 10ngL to 296ngL in treated wastewater. The particle-associated steroids represented 0-82% of their total concentration as some steroids like E1 and E3 were detected only in the dissolved phase while MDRXY-Prog (81%), Nore (71%), and EE2 (>75%) were primarily detected in the particulate phase. Particle-associated steroids were detected in spring samples from river water with mean concentrations ranging from 5.4ngL to 35.7ngL compare to 3ngL to 6.8ngL in summer samples. Levels of particle-associated Testo, Nore, E2 and Levo in DWP intakes (406.2-13,149.1ngg) were similar to those found in raw sewage (336.6-7628.8ngg), indicating their persistence in the suspended phase from discharge points. Total steroids measured in sediments were in the range of 7-1213ngg, 5-25ngg, and 22-226ngg in autumn, spring, and summer, respectively. Our findings confirm the presence and seasonal variation of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in drinking water sources. The presence of high concentrations of a mixture of particle-associated steroids in DWP intakes highlight the need for highly effective particle-removal processes to eliminate these recalcitrant compounds during drinking water production. Finally, the detected concentrations raise concerns about their potential environmental effects.
对受多个合流污水溢流（CSO）和污水处理厂（WWTP）排放点影响的城市河流进行了广泛的环境监测。研究了污水、WWTP 出水、受纳河水和沉积物以及饮用水厂（DWP）进水中的溶解态和颗粒态甾体（孕酮（Prog）、睾酮（Testo）、甲羟孕酮（MDRXY-Prog）、左炔诺孕酮（Levo）、去氧孕烯（Nore）、雌酮（E1）、雌二醇（E2）、雌三醇（E3）和 17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2））的时空分布。在原污水中，甾体在溶解相和颗粒相中的浓度均值为 21ngL 至 389ngL，在处理后的废水中为 10ngL 至 296ngL。颗粒相关的甾体占其总浓度的 0-82%，因为有些甾体如 E1 和 E3 仅在溶解相中检测到，而 MDRXY-Prog（81%）、Nore（71%）和 EE2（>75%）主要在颗粒相中检测到。春季河水水样中检测到颗粒相关的甾体，浓度范围为 5.4ngL 至 35.7ngL，而夏季水样中的浓度为 3ngL 至 6.8ngL。DWP 进水（406.2-13149.1ngg）中颗粒相关的 Testo、Nore、E2 和 Levo 的水平与原污水（336.6-7628.8ngg）相似，表明它们从排放点到悬浮相中持续存在。秋季、春季和夏季沉积物中总甾体的浓度范围分别为 7-1213ngg、5-25ngg 和 22-226ngg。我们的研究结果证实了饮用水源中存在并具有季节性变化的颗粒相关甾体混合物。DWP 进水中高浓度的颗粒相关甾体混合物的存在突显了在饮用水生产过程中需要采用高效的颗粒去除工艺来消除这些难降解化合物。最后，所检测到的浓度引起了对其潜在环境影响的关注。
