Smedberg Janne, Lupattelli Angela, Mårdby Ann-Charlotte, Nordeng Hedvig
Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014 Jun 25;14:213. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-213.
Some women continue smoking during pregnancy despite the extensive information available on the dangers smoking poses to their fetus. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and determinants of smoking before and during pregnancy and the extent of smoking during pregnancy from a European perspective in relation to maternal sociodemographic characteristics, health literacy, morbidity, and pregnancy-related factors.
This multinational, web-based study evaluated pregnant women and new mothers in 15 European countries recruited from October 2011 to February 2012. Data were collected via an anonymous online questionnaire.
Of 8344 women included, 2944 (35.3%) reported smoking before pregnancy, and 771 (26.2%) continued smoking during pregnancy, 88 (11.4%) of whom smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day. There was a wide variation among the 15 European countries in smoking rates before and during pregnancy, ranging from 25.0% (Sweden) to 50.0% (Croatia) before and 4.2% (Iceland) to 18.9% (Croatia) during pregnancy. Women who lived in Eastern Europe, without a spouse/partner, with a low education level and unplanned pregnancy, who did not take folic acid, and consumed alcohol during pregnancy were the most likely to smoke before pregnancy. Women who lived in Eastern or Western Europe, without a spouse/partner, with a low education level and health literacy, being a housewife, having previous children and unplanned pregnancy, and who did not take folic acid were the most likely to continue smoking during pregnancy. Women who smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day during pregnancy were the most likely to be living in Eastern Europe and to have a low education level.
Women with fewer resources living in Western or Eastern Europe are more likely not only to smoke before pregnancy but also to continue smoking during pregnancy. These high-risk women are characterized as living alone, having high school or less as highest education level, having low health literacy, being a housewife, having previous children, having unplanned pregnancy, and no use of folic acid. Our findings indicated that focus on smoking cessation is important in antenatal care in Europe as many women smoke before pregnancy, and still continue to do so in pregnancy.
尽管有大量关于吸烟对胎儿危害的信息，但仍有一些女性在孕期继续吸烟。本研究旨在从欧洲视角，探讨孕前和孕期吸烟的患病率及决定因素，以及孕期吸烟程度与孕产妇社会人口学特征、健康素养、发病率和妊娠相关因素之间的关系。
这项基于网络的多国研究对2011年10月至2012年2月期间在15个欧洲国家招募的孕妇和新妈妈进行了评估。数据通过匿名在线问卷收集。
在纳入的8344名女性中，2944名（35.3%）报告孕前吸烟，771名（26.2%）在孕期继续吸烟，其中88名（11.4%）每天吸烟超过10支。15个欧洲国家的孕前和孕期吸烟率差异很大，孕前吸烟率从25.0%（瑞典）到50.0%（克罗地亚）不等，孕期吸烟率从4.2%（冰岛）到18.9%（克罗地亚）不等。生活在东欧、没有配偶/伴侣、教育水平低、意外怀孕、孕期未服用叶酸且饮酒的女性最有可能在孕前吸烟。生活在东欧或西欧、没有配偶/伴侣、教育水平和健康素养低、是家庭主妇、有过孩子且意外怀孕、未服用叶酸的女性最有可能在孕期继续吸烟。孕期每天吸烟超过10支的女性最有可能生活在东欧且教育水平低。
生活在西欧或东欧、资源较少的女性不仅更有可能在孕前吸烟，而且在孕期更有可能继续吸烟。这些高危女性的特征是独居、最高学历为高中或更低、健康素养低、是家庭主妇、有过孩子、意外怀孕且未使用叶酸。我们的研究结果表明，由于许多女性在孕前吸烟且在孕期仍继续吸烟，因此在欧洲的产前护理中关注戒烟很重要。
