Duran M, Turhan N, Kosus A, Kosus N, Sarac G N, Erdogan D, Keskin E A
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sevket Yilmaz Education and Research Hospital, Yıldırım, Bursa, Turkey.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mugla University Hospital, Mugla, Turkey.
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Aug;179:117-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.04.019. Epub 2014 Apr 26.
To study the effects of cigarette smoke and vitamin E on the development of endometrial pinopods.
Eighteen female and 12 male Swiss albino mice, 12-14 weeks old, with a mean weight of 25g (standard deviation 5g) were used in this study. Female mice were divided into three equal groups. Every day for 10 weeks, mice in Group 1 (control group) received normal saline intraperitoneally; mice in Group 2 were exposed to smoke from 20 cigarettes/day using a smoke machine; and mice in Group 3 were exposed to smoke from 20 cigarettes/day using a smoke machine and also received 50mg/kg vitamin E intraperitoneally. After 10 weeks, vaginal smears were taken from the female mice and they were copulated with the 12 male Swiss albino mice on the day of oestrus. Day 0 was defined as the day on which sperm were detected in the vagina by smear test. Mice were killed at the end of Day 5, which was considered to represent the optimal day for implantation. The uteri were removed and the effects of cigarette smoke and vitamin E on the development of endometrial pinopods were studied using an electron microscope.
The endometrial tissue of the control group appeared morphologically normal, with short microvilli, cytoplasm and pinopods in the form of cytoplasm and cell membrane enlargements in patches. In total, 149 pinopods were counted in the control group using a scanning electron microscope (two histologists performed the analysis and were blinded to each other's findings). In the smoke-exposed group, the cytoplasmic structure was degenerated considerably, and fewer pinopods were counted (n=11). The number of pinopods in mice who were exposed to cigarette smoke and vitamin E (n=67) was significantly higher compared with the cigarette-exposed group (p=0.002), but considerably lower compared with the control group (p=0.002).
Smoke exposure led to a significant decrease in the development of endometrial pinopods. Vitamin E, an antioxidant, partially reversed the adverse effects of cigarette smoke. This suggests that cigarettes may have a negative effect on fertility by decreasing the number of pinopods. However, this negative effect can be reduced using vitamin E. More studies should be conducted to support this finding.
研究香烟烟雾和维生素E对子宫内膜微绒毛的影响。
本研究使用了18只雌性和12只雄性12 - 14周龄的瑞士白化小鼠，平均体重25克（标准差5克）。雌性小鼠被平均分为三组。在10周的时间里，第1组（对照组）小鼠每天腹腔注射生理盐水；第2组小鼠使用烟雾发生器每天暴露于20支香烟的烟雾中；第3组小鼠同样使用烟雾发生器每天暴露于20支香烟的烟雾中，并且每天腹腔注射50毫克/千克的维生素E。10周后，采集雌性小鼠的阴道涂片，并在发情当天与12只雄性瑞士白化小鼠交配。第0天定义为通过涂片检测在阴道中检测到精子的日子。在第5天结束时处死小鼠，这一天被认为是着床的最佳时间。取出子宫，使用电子显微镜研究香烟烟雾和维生素E对子宫内膜微绒毛发育的影响。
对照组的子宫内膜组织形态正常，有短微绒毛，细胞质以及呈斑块状的细胞质和细胞膜扩大形式的微绒毛。使用扫描电子显微镜在对照组中共计数到149个微绒毛（两名组织病理学家进行分析，且对彼此的结果不知情）。在烟雾暴露组中，细胞质结构严重退化，计数到的微绒毛较少（n = 11）。暴露于香烟烟雾和维生素E的小鼠的微绒毛数量（n = 67）与香烟暴露组相比显著更高（p = 0.002），但与对照组相比显著更低（p = 0.002）。
烟雾暴露导致子宫内膜微绒毛的发育显著减少。抗氧化剂维生素E部分逆转了香烟烟雾的不良影响。这表明香烟可能通过减少微绒毛数量对生育能力产生负面影响。然而，使用维生素E可以降低这种负面影响。应该进行更多研究来支持这一发现。
