Nyaki Angela, Gray Steven A, Lepczyk Christopher A, Skibins Jeffrey C, Rentsch Dennis
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East West Road, Sherman Lab 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A.
Conserv Biol. 2014 Oct;28(5):1403-14. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12316. Epub 2014 Jun 27.
Bushmeat management policies are often developed outside the communities in which they are to be implemented. These policies are also routinely designed to be applied uniformly across communities with little regard for variation in social or ecological conditions. We used fuzzy-logic cognitive mapping, a form of participatory modeling, to compare the assumptions driving externally generated bushmeat management policies with perceptions of bushmeat trade dynamics collected from local community members who admitted to being recently engaged in bushmeat trading (e.g., hunters, sellers, consumers). Data were collected during 9 workshops in 4 Tanzanian villages bordering Serengeti National Park. Specifically, we evaluated 9 community-generated models for the presence of the central factors that comprise and drive the bushmeat trade and whether or not models included the same core concepts, relationships, and logical chains of reasoning on which bushmeat conservation policies are commonly based. Across local communities, there was agreement about the most central factors important to understanding the bushmeat trade (e.g., animal recruitment, low income, and scarcity of food crops). These matched policy assumptions. However, the factors perceived to drive social-ecological bushmeat trade dynamics were more diverse and varied considerably across communities (e.g., presence or absence of collaborative law enforcement, increasing human population, market demand, cultural preference). Sensitive conservation issues, such as the bushmeat trade, that require cooperation between communities and outside conservation organizations can benefit from participatory modeling approaches that make local-scale dynamics and conservation policy assumptions explicit. Further, communities' and conservation organizations' perceptions need to be aligned. This can improve success by allowing context appropriate policies to be developed, monitored, and appropriately adapted as new evidence is generated.
丛林肉管理政策往往是在其实施社区之外制定的。这些政策通常还被设计为在各个社区统一适用，几乎不考虑社会或生态条件的差异。我们使用模糊逻辑认知映射（一种参与式建模形式），将外部制定的丛林肉管理政策背后的假设与从承认近期参与丛林肉交易的当地社区成员（如猎人、卖家、消费者）那里收集到的丛林肉贸易动态认知进行比较。数据是在坦桑尼亚与塞伦盖蒂国家公园接壤的4个村庄的9次研讨会上收集的。具体而言，我们评估了9个由社区生成的模型，看其是否存在构成并推动丛林肉贸易的核心因素，以及这些模型是否包含丛林肉保护政策通常所基于的相同核心概念、关系和逻辑推理链条。在各个当地社区中，对于理解丛林肉贸易最重要的核心因素（如动物补充、低收入和粮食作物短缺）存在共识。这些与政策假设相符。然而，被认为推动社会生态丛林肉贸易动态的因素更加多样，且在不同社区之间差异很大（如是否存在协作执法、人口增长、市场需求、文化偏好）。像丛林肉贸易这样需要社区与外部保护组织合作的敏感保护问题，可以从使地方层面动态和保护政策假设明晰化的参与式建模方法中受益。此外，社区和保护组织的认知需要保持一致。这可以通过允许制定适合具体情况的政策、进行监测并随着新证据的产生进行适当调整来提高成功率。
