Novel biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is a common subtype of heart failure with morbidity and mortality similar to that of heart failure with systolic dysfunction. This article discusses the numerous biomarkers that promise to play a substantial role in terms of our ability to understand the mechanisms of HFPEF and discern possible phenotypes that respond to targeted therapies: natriuretic peptides, high-sensitivity troponins, galectin-3, soluble ST2, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and cystatin C.