Martínez-Aquino Andrés, Ceccarelli Fadia Sara, Eguiarte Luis E, Vázquez-Domínguez Ella, de León Gerardo Pérez-Ponce
Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México; Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México.
División de Aracnología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 7;9(7):e101700. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101700. eCollection 2014.
Host-parasite systems provide an ideal platform to study evolution at different levels, including codivergence in a historical biogeography context. In this study we aim to describe biogeographic and codivergent patterns and associated processes of the Goodeinae freshwater fish and their digenean parasite (Margotrema spp.) over the last 6.5 Ma (million years), identifying the main factors (host and/or hydrogeomorphology) that influenced the evolution of Margotrema. We obtained a species tree for Margotrema spp. using DNA sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers (COI and ITS1, respectively) and performed molecular dating to discern divergence events within the genus. The dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) model was used to describe the historical biogeography of digeneans and applied to cophylogenetic analyses of Margotrema and their goodeine hosts. Our results showed that the evolutionary history of Margotrema has been shaped in close association with its geographic context, especially with the geological history of central Mexico during the Pleistocene. Host-specificity has been established at three levels of historical association: a) Species-Species, represented by Xenotaenia resolanae-M. resolanae exclusively found in the Cuzalapa River Basin; b) Species-Lineage, represented by Characodon audax-M. bravoae Lineage II, exclusive to the Upper and Middle Mezquital River Basin, and c) Tribe-Lineage, including two instances of historical associations among parasites and hosts at the taxonomical level of tribe, one represented by Ilyodontini-M. bravoae Lineage I (distributed across the Ayuquila and Balsas River Basins), and another comprised of Girardinichthyini/Chapalichthyini-M. bravoae Lineage III, found only in the Lerma River Basin. We show that the evolutionary history of the parasites is, on several occasions, in agreement with the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of their hosts. A series of biogeographic and host-parasite events explain the codivergence patterns observed, in which cospeciation and colonisation via host-switching and vicariant plus dispersal events are appreciated, at different times during the diversification history of both associates, particularly during the Pleistocene.
宿主 - 寄生虫系统为研究不同层面的进化提供了一个理想平台，包括在历史生物地理学背景下的协同进化。在本研究中，我们旨在描述古氏亚科淡水鱼及其复殖吸虫寄生虫（Margotrema属）在过去650万年中的生物地理和协同进化模式以及相关过程，确定影响Margotrema进化的主要因素（宿主和/或水文地貌）。我们利用线粒体和核分子标记（分别为COI和ITS1）的DNA序列数据获得了Margotrema属的物种树，并进行了分子定年以辨别该属内的分歧事件。扩散 - 灭绝 - 分支形成（DEC）模型用于描述复殖吸虫的历史生物地理学，并应用于Margotrema及其古氏宿主的共系统发育分析。我们的结果表明，Margotrema的进化历史与其地理背景密切相关，特别是与更新世期间墨西哥中部的地质历史相关。宿主特异性已在三个历史关联层面得以确立：a）物种 - 物种，以仅在库扎拉帕河流域发现的Xenotaenia resolanae - M. resolanae为代表；b）物种 - 谱系，以上梅斯基塔尔河流域和中梅斯基塔尔河流域特有的Characodon audax - M. bravoae谱系II为代表；c）族 - 谱系，包括寄生虫和宿主在族的分类水平上的两个历史关联实例，一个以Ilyodontini - M. bravoae谱系I（分布在阿尤基拉河和巴尔萨斯河流域）为代表，另一个由仅在莱尔马河流域发现的Girardinichthyini/Chapalichthyini - M. bravoae谱系III组成。我们表明，寄生虫的进化历史在若干情况下与它们宿主的系统发育和生物地理历史一致。一系列生物地理和宿主 - 寄生虫事件解释了观察到的协同进化模式，其中在两个相关物种多样化历史的不同时期，特别是在更新世期间，可以看到通过宿主转换和替代加扩散事件的共物种形成和定殖。
