Businge Edward, Egertsdotter Ulrika
Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 500 Tenth Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0620, USA
Tree Physiol. 2014 Jun;34(6):657-69. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpu053.
Sugars play an important role in various physiological processes during plant growth and development; however, the developmental roles and regulatory functions of hexoses other than glucose are still largely unclear. Recent studies suggest that blocked embryo development in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is associated with accumulation of fructose. In the present study, the potential biochemical regulatory mechanism of glucose and fructose was studied during development of somatic embryos of Norway spruce from pro-embryogenic masses to mature embryos. The changes in protein fluorescence, a marker of the Maillard reaction, were monitored in two cell lines of Norway spruce that were grown on media containing sucrose (control), glucose or fructose. Manual time-lapse photography showed that growth of embryogenic cultures on medium containing sucrose was characterized by normal development of mature embryos whereas the embryogenic cultures that were grown on media containing glucose or fructose did not develop mature embryos. The biochemical analyses of embryogenic samples collected during embryo development showed that: (i) the content of glucose and fructose in the embryogenic cultures increased significantly during growth on each medium, respectively; (ii) the accumulation of Maillard products in the embryogenic cultures was highly correlated with the endogenous content of fructose but not glucose; and (iii) the embryogenic cultures grown on fructose displayed the highest protein carbonyl content and DNA damage whereas the highest content of glutathione was recorded in the embryogenic cultures that had grown on sucrose. Our data suggest that blocked development of embryos in the presence of fructose may be associated with the Maillard reaction.
糖类在植物生长发育的各种生理过程中发挥着重要作用；然而，除葡萄糖外的己糖在发育中的作用和调节功能仍 largely 不清楚。最近的研究表明，挪威云杉（Picea abies (L.) Karst）胚胎发育受阻与果糖积累有关。在本研究中，研究了挪威云杉体细胞胚胎从胚性愈伤组织发育到成熟胚过程中葡萄糖和果糖潜在的生化调节机制。在含有蔗糖（对照）、葡萄糖或果糖的培养基上生长的两个挪威云杉细胞系中，监测了美拉德反应标志物蛋白质荧光的变化。手动延时摄影显示，在含蔗糖培养基上的胚性培养物生长以成熟胚的正常发育为特征，而在含葡萄糖或果糖培养基上生长的胚性培养物未发育出成熟胚。对胚胎发育过程中收集的胚性样品进行生化分析表明：（i）胚性培养物中葡萄糖和果糖的含量在各自培养基上生长期间分别显著增加；（ii）胚性培养物中美拉德产物的积累与果糖而非葡萄糖的内源含量高度相关；（iii）在果糖上生长的胚性培养物显示出最高的蛋白质羰基含量和 DNA 损伤，而在蔗糖上生长的胚性培养物中记录到最高的谷胱甘肽含量。我们的数据表明，在果糖存在下胚胎发育受阻可能与美拉德反应有关。
