Malaquias José B, Ramalho Francisco S, Lira Aline C S, Oliveira Flávia Q, Fernandes Francisco S, Godoy Wesley A C, Zanuncio José C
Unidade de Controle Biológico, Embrapa Algodão, Av. Osvaldo Cruz, Campina Grande-PB, CEP, Brazil.
Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 8;9(7):e100983. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100983. eCollection 2014.
The relationship between the insect development rate and temperature was established very early and represents an important ecological variable for modeling the population dynamics of insects. The accurate determination of thermal constant values and the lower and upper developmental thresholds of Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiales: Apiaceae)) crops would obviously benefit the effective application of control measures. This paper is a study of the biology and thermal requirements of H. foeniculi. Winged insects were collected from fennel crops at the Embrapa Algodão in Campina Grande, Paraíba. Nymphs (age ≤24 h) produced by winged insects were subjected to constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 28, 30 or 33°C, a photophase of 12 h and a relative humidity of 70±10%. The results of the study showed that at temperatures between 15 and 30°C, H. foeniculi nymphs were able to develop normally. The four instars were found at all temperatures tested. However, temperatures of 3 and 33°C were lethal to the nymphs. The nymph stage development time varied from 5 (30°C) to 19 (15°C) days. The influence of temperature on the development time is dependent on the instar. The base temperature (Tb) and the thermal constant (K) for the nymph stage were estimated at 11.2°C and 107.5 degree-days, respectively. The shortest nymph development stage was observed at 30°C, and the highest nymph viability (85.0%) was observed at 28°C. This information can be used for developing phenological models based on the temperature and development rate relationships so that outbreaks of H. foeniculi in the fennel crop can be predicted, therefore improving the application of control programs targeting this fennel pest.
昆虫发育速率与温度之间的关系很早就已确立，并且是模拟昆虫种群动态的一个重要生态变量。准确测定茴香蚜（Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini)，半翅目：蚜科）在茴香（Foeniculum vulgare Miller，伞形目：伞形科）作物上的热常数以及发育下限和上限温度，显然将有利于控制措施的有效实施。本文是对茴香蚜生物学和热需求的一项研究。有翅蚜虫采自位于帕拉伊巴州坎皮纳格兰德的巴西农牧业研究公司棉花研究所的茴香作物。由有翅蚜虫产生的若虫（龄期≤24小时）在15、20、25、28、30或33°C的恒温、12小时光照期和70±10%的相对湿度条件下培养。研究结果表明，在15至30°C的温度范围内，茴香蚜若虫能够正常发育。在所有测试温度下均发现了四个龄期。然而，3°C和33°C的温度对若虫具有致死性。若虫阶段的发育时间从5天（30°C）到19天（15°C）不等。温度对发育时间的影响取决于龄期。若虫阶段的基础温度（Tb）和热常数（K）分别估计为11.2°C和107.5日度。在30°C时观察到若虫发育阶段最短，在28°C时观察到若虫存活率最高（85.0%）。这些信息可用于基于温度与发育速率关系建立物候模型，从而预测茴香作物上茴香蚜的爆发，进而改进针对这种茴香害虫的防治方案的应用。
