Dingley Andrew, Pyne David B, Burkett Brendan
Performance Research, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra ACT, Australia.
J Appl Biomech. 2014 Oct;30(5):643-8. doi: 10.1123/jab.2013-0321. Epub 2014 Jul 9.
Disabilities in Paralympic swimming could impact a swimmer's ability to execute an effective swim-start. We examined how swim-start performance differed between severity and type of physical disability. Swim-starts were measured in 55 elite Paralympic swimmers from eight different Paralympic classes; S14, S13, S10-S6, S3 grouped as no- (classes S13 & S14), low- (S9 & S10), mid- (S7 & S8) or high- (≤ S6) severity of physical disability and also by type of physical disability (upper, lower, and palsy) to provide meaningful comparisons. The swimmer's competitive level was determined by the international point score (IPS). Swimmers with no physical disability were significantly faster in most swim-start phases compared with those with physical disabilities, as were swimmers with low-severity disabilities compared with the mid- and high-severity groups. Block velocity was highly negatively correlated (r = -0.57 to -0.86) with 15-m swimming time for all groups except high-severity disabilities. Free-swim velocity is a priority area for improving swim-starts for swimmers regardless of disability, given large correlations between this measure and IPS. Swimmers with lower body or high-severity disabilities spent a smaller percentage of time overall in the underwater phase. Assessment of four specific phases of the swim-start highlight distinctive priorities for coaches working with Paralympic swimmers in an applied biomechanical manner.
残奥会游泳项目中的残疾情况可能会影响游泳运动员执行有效出发动作的能力。我们研究了身体残疾的严重程度和类型对出发表现的影响。对来自八个不同残奥会级别的55名精英残奥会游泳运动员的出发动作进行了测量；S14、S13、S10 - S6、S3被归类为无身体残疾（S13和S14级别）、低身体残疾（S9和S10级别）、中等身体残疾（S7和S8级别）或高身体残疾（≤ S6级别），同时也按照身体残疾类型（上肢、下肢和麻痹）进行分类，以提供有意义的比较。游泳运动员的竞技水平由国际积分（IPS）确定。与有身体残疾的运动员相比，无身体残疾的运动员在大多数出发阶段明显更快，低身体残疾的运动员与中等和高身体残疾组相比也是如此。除高身体残疾组外，所有组的出发速度与15米游泳时间均呈高度负相关（r = -0.57至 -0.86）。无论残疾情况如何，自由泳速度都是提高游泳运动员出发表现的一个优先领域，因为该指标与IPS之间存在很大的相关性。下肢残疾或高身体残疾的游泳运动员在水下阶段总体花费的时间比例较小。对出发动作四个特定阶段的评估突出了教练以应用生物力学方式指导残奥会游泳运动员时的不同优先事项。
