Silverman Arielle M, Cohen Geoffrey L
University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Stanford University, CA, USA.
Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2014 Oct;40(10):1330-40. doi: 10.1177/0146167214542800. Epub 2014 Jul 11.
Stereotype threat, the concern about being judged in light of negative stereotypes, causes underperformance in evaluative situations. However, less is known about how coping with stereotypes can aggravate underperformance over time. We propose a model in which ongoing stereotype threat experiences threaten a person's sense of self-integrity, which in turn prompts defensive avoidance of stereotype-relevant situations, impeding growth, achievement, and well-being. We test this model in an important but understudied population: the physically disabled. In Study 1, blind adults reporting higher levels of stereotype threat reported lower self-integrity and well-being and were more likely to be unemployed and to report avoiding stereotype-threatening situations. In Study 2's field experiment, blind students in a compensatory skill-training program made more progress if they had completed a values-affirmation, an exercise that bolsters self-integrity. The findings suggest that stereotype threat poses a chronic threat to self-integrity and undermines life outcomes for people with disabilities.
刻板印象威胁，即担心根据负面刻板印象被评判，会导致在评估情境中表现不佳。然而，对于随着时间推移应对刻板印象如何会加剧表现不佳，我们了解得较少。我们提出了一个模型，在该模型中，持续的刻板印象威胁经历会威胁一个人的自我完整性，这反过来又促使人们防御性地回避与刻板印象相关的情境，从而阻碍成长、成就和幸福。我们在一个重要但研究不足的群体中测试了这个模型：身体残疾者。在研究1中，报告较高刻板印象威胁水平的盲人成年人报告的自我完整性和幸福感较低，并且更有可能失业，以及报告避免处于刻板印象威胁的情境。在研究2的现场实验中，参加补偿技能培训项目的盲人学生如果完成了一项增强自我完整性的价值观确认练习，他们会取得更大的进步。研究结果表明，刻板印象威胁对自我完整性构成了长期威胁，并破坏了残疾人的生活成果。
