Huy Tung Bui, Tuyet-Hanh Tran Thi, Johnston Richard, Nguyen-Viet Hung
Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi School of Public Health, Hanoi, 138 Giang Vo Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Sandec-Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Ueberlandstrass 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Jul 24;11(8):7575-91. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110807575.
We assessed health risks related to Arsenic (As) in contaminated drinking water in Hanam, applying the Australian Environmental Health Risk Assessment Framework, which promotes stakeholder involvement in risk assessments. As concentrations in 300 tube-well water samples, before and after filtration, were analyzed and the water consumption levels in 150 households were estimated. Skin cancer risk was characterized using Cancer Slope Factor index and lifetime average daily dose with a probabilistic approach. The results showed that arsenic concentrations in tube-well water ranged from 8-579 ppb (mean 301 ppb) before filtration and current sand filters used by the households did not meet the standard for As removal. Arsenic daily consumption of 40% of the adults exceeded the level of TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) at 1 µg/kg/day. The average skin cancer risk in adults due to consuming filtered tube-well water for drinking purpose were 25.3 × 10-5 (using only well water) and 7.6 × 10-5 (using both well and rain water). The skin cancer risk would be 11.5 times higher if the water was not filtered. Improvement of filtration measures or the replacement of the current drinking water sources to minimize the health risks to the local population is urgently needed.
我们运用澳大利亚环境卫生风险评估框架，对哈纳姆受污染饮用水中与砷（As）相关的健康风险进行了评估，该框架促进利益相关者参与风险评估。分析了300个管井水样本过滤前后的砷浓度，并估算了150户家庭的用水量。采用概率方法，利用癌症斜率因子指数和终生平均日剂量对皮肤癌风险进行了表征。结果表明，过滤前管井水中的砷浓度范围为8 - 579 ppb（平均301 ppb），家庭目前使用的砂滤器不符合砷去除标准。40%的成年人砷日摄入量超过了1 µg/kg/天的每日可耐受摄入量（TDI）水平。成年人因饮用过滤后的管井水而导致的平均皮肤癌风险分别为25.3×10⁻⁵（仅使用井水）和7.6×10⁻⁵（同时使用井水和雨水）。如果水未经过滤，皮肤癌风险将高出11.5倍。迫切需要改进过滤措施或更换当前的饮用水源，以将对当地居民的健康风险降至最低。
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