Tchounwou Paul B, Centeno Jose A, Patlolla Anita K
Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, School of Science and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Jan;255(1-2):47-55. doi: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000007260.32981.b9.
A comprehensive analysis of published data indicates that arsenic exposure induces cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic disorders, and various types of cancer. Although exposure may occur via the dermal, and parenteral routes, the main pathways of exposure include ingestion, and inhalation. The severity of adverse health effects is related to the chemical form of arsenic, and is also time- and dose-dependent. Recent reports have pointed out that arsenic poisoning appears to be one of the major public health problems of pandemic nature. Acute and chronic exposure to arsenic has been reported in several countries of the world where a large proportion of drinking water (groundwater) is contaminated with high concentrations of arsenic. Research has also pointed significantly higher standardized mortality rates for cancers of the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon in many areas of arsenic pollution. There is therefore a great need for developing a comprehensive health risk assessment (RA) concept that should be used by public health officials and environmental managers for an effective management of the health effects associated with arsenic exposure. With a special emphasis on arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis, this paper is aimed at using the National Academy of Science's RA framework as a guide, for developing a RA paradigm for arsenic based on a comprehensive analysis of the currently available scientific information on its physical and chemical properties, production and use, fate and transport, toxicokinetics, systemic and carcinogenic health effects, regulatory and health guidelines, analytical guidelines and treatment technologies.
对已发表数据的综合分析表明，接触砷会引发心血管疾病、发育异常、神经及神经行为障碍、糖尿病、听力丧失、血液系统疾病以及各类癌症。尽管接触途径可能包括皮肤接触和非肠道接触，但主要接触途径包括摄入和吸入。健康不良影响的严重程度与砷的化学形态有关，并且还与时间和剂量相关。近期报告指出，砷中毒似乎是具有大流行性质的主要公共卫生问题之一。世界上有几个国家报告了急性和慢性砷接触情况，在这些国家，很大一部分饮用水（地下水）被高浓度砷污染。研究还指出，在许多砷污染地区，膀胱癌、肾癌、皮肤癌、肝癌和结肠癌的标准化死亡率显著更高。因此，迫切需要制定一个全面的健康风险评估（RA）概念，公共卫生官员和环境管理者应使用该概念来有效管理与砷接触相关的健康影响。本文特别强调砷的毒性、诱变作用和致癌作用，旨在以美国国家科学院的风险评估框架为指导，基于对目前有关砷的物理和化学性质、生产和使用、归宿和迁移、毒代动力学、全身和致癌健康影响、监管和健康指南、分析指南及处理技术的现有科学信息的全面分析，制定砷的风险评估范式。
