Liu Yang S, Chan Michelle, Caplan Jeremy B
Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada,
Mem Cognit. 2014 Oct;42(7):1086-105. doi: 10.3758/s13421-014-0426-x.
The judgement of relative order (JOR) procedure is used to investigate serial-order memory. Measuring response times, the wording of the instructions (whether the earlier or the later item was designated as the target) reversed the direction of search in subspan lists (Chan, Ross, Earle, & Caplan Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(5), 945-951, 2009). If a similar congruity effect applied to above-span lists and, furthermore, with error rate as the measure, this could suggest how to model order memory across scales. Participants performed JORs on lists of nouns (Experiment 1: list lengths = 4, 6, 8, 10) or consonants (Experiment 2: list lengths = 4, 8). In addition to the usual distance, primacy, and recency effects, instructions interacted with serial position of the later probe in both experiments, not only in response time, but also in error rate, suggesting that availability, not just accessibility, is affected by instructions. The congruity effect challenges current memory models. We fitted Hacker's (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(6), 651-675, 1980) self-terminating search model to our data and found that a switch in search direction could explain the congruity effect for short lists, but not longer lists. This suggests that JORs may need to be understood via direct-access models, adapted to produce a congruity effect, or a mix of mechanisms.
相对顺序判断（JOR）程序用于研究序列顺序记忆。通过测量反应时间发现，指令的措辞（将较早呈现的还是较晚呈现的项目指定为目标）会反转子跨度列表中的搜索方向（Chan、Ross、Earle和Caplan，《心理onomic通报与评论》，16(5)，945 - 951，2009）。如果类似的一致性效应适用于超跨度列表，并且进一步以错误率作为衡量指标，这可能会提示如何构建跨尺度的顺序记忆模型。参与者对名词列表（实验1：列表长度 = 4、6、8、10）或辅音列表（实验2：列表长度 = 4、8）进行JOR任务。除了常见的距离、首位效应和近因效应外，在两个实验中，指令都与较晚呈现的探测项目的序列位置相互作用，不仅在反应时间上，而且在错误率上，这表明指令不仅影响可及性，还影响可用性。这种一致性效应挑战了当前的记忆模型。我们将Hacker（《实验心理学杂志：人类学习与记忆》，6(6)，651 - 675，1980）的自终止搜索模型应用于我们的数据，发现搜索方向的切换可以解释短列表的一致性效应，但不能解释长列表的一致性效应。这表明可能需要通过直接访问模型来理解JOR任务，该模型经过调整以产生一致性效应，或者是多种机制的混合。
