Reitsema Laurie J, McIlvaine Britney Kyle
Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Jackson St., Athens, GA, 30602.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2014 Oct;155(2):181-5. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22596. Epub 2014 Aug 19.
The concepts of "stress" and "health" are foundational in physical anthropology as guidelines for interpreting human behavior and biocultural adaptation in the past and present. Though related, stress and health are not coterminous, and while the term "health" encompasses some aspects of "stress," health refers to a more holistic condition beyond just physiological disruption, and is of considerable significance in contributing to anthropologists' understanding of humanity's lived experiences. Bioarchaeological interpretations of human health generally are made from datasets consisting of skeletal markers of stress, markers that result from (chronic) physiological disruption (e.g., porotic hyperostosis; linear enamel hypoplasia). Non-specific indicators of stress may measure episodes of stress and indicate that infection, disease, or nutritional deficiencies were present in a population, but in assessing these markers, bioarchaeologists are not measuring "health" in the same way as are human biologists, medical anthropologists, or primatologists. Rather than continue to diverge on separate (albeit parallel) trajectories, bioarchaeologists are advised to pursue interlinkages with other subfields within physical anthropology toward bridging "stress" and "health." The papers in this special symposium set include bioarchaeologists, human biologists, molecular anthropologists, and primatologists whose research develops this link between the concepts of "stress" and "health," encouraging new avenues for bioarchaeologists to consider and reconsider health in past human populations.
“压力”和“健康”的概念是体质人类学的基础，作为解释过去和现在人类行为及生物文化适应的指导原则。虽然压力和健康相关，但它们并非同义，而且虽然“健康”一词涵盖了“压力”的某些方面，但健康指的是一种超越生理紊乱的更全面的状态，对于人类学家理解人类的生活经历具有重要意义。对人类健康的生物考古学解释通常基于由压力骨骼标记组成的数据集，这些标记是由（慢性）生理紊乱产生的（例如，多孔性骨质增生；线性釉质发育不全）。压力的非特异性指标可以衡量压力事件，并表明某一人群中存在感染、疾病或营养缺乏，但在评估这些标记时，生物考古学家衡量“健康”的方式与人类生物学家、医学人类学家或灵长类动物学家不同。为了弥合“压力”和“健康”之间的差距，建议生物考古学家不要继续在各自独立（尽管平行）的轨道上分化，而是要与体质人类学的其他子领域建立联系。本次专题研讨会论文集中的论文作者包括生物考古学家、人类生物学家、分子人类学家和灵长类动物学家，他们通过研究建立了“压力”和“健康”概念之间的联系，为生物考古学家思考和重新审视过去人类群体的健康状况开辟了新途径。
