Kalisch Raffael, Müller Marianne B, Tüscher Oliver
Neuroimaging Center Mainz (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, and Deutsches Resilienz-Zentrum Mainz (DRZ), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
Research Group Molecular Stress Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, and Deutsches Resilienz-Zentrum Mainz (DRZ), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz,Germany.
Behav Brain Sci. 2015;38:e92. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X1400082X. Epub 2014 Aug 27.
The well-replicated observation that many people maintain mental health despite exposure to severe psychological or physical adversity has ignited interest in the mechanisms that protect against stress-related mental illness. Focusing on resilience rather than pathophysiology in many ways represents a paradigm shift in clinical-psychological and psychiatric research that has great potential for the development of new prevention and treatment strategies. More recently, research into resilience also arrived in the neurobiological community, posing nontrivial questions about ecological validity and translatability. Drawing on concepts and findings from transdiagnostic psychiatry, emotion research, and behavioral and cognitive neuroscience, we propose a unified theoretical framework for the neuroscientific study of general resilience mechanisms. The framework is applicable to both animal and human research and supports the design and interpretation of translational studies. The theory emphasizes the causal role of stimulus appraisal (evaluation) processes in the generation of emotional responses, including responses to potential stressors. On this basis, it posits that a positive (non-negative) appraisal style is the key mechanism that protects against the detrimental effects of stress and mediates the effects of other known resilience factors. Appraisal style is shaped by three classes of cognitive processes--positive situation classification, reappraisal, and interference inhibition--that can be investigated at the neural level. Prospects for the future development of resilience research are discussed.
大量研究表明，许多人尽管面临严重的心理或身体逆境，但仍能保持心理健康，这引发了人们对预防与压力相关精神疾病机制的兴趣。在许多方面，关注心理韧性而非病理生理学代表了临床心理学和精神病学研究的范式转变，这对开发新的预防和治疗策略具有巨大潜力。最近，对心理韧性的研究也进入了神经生物学领域，引发了有关生态效度和可转化性的重要问题。借鉴跨诊断精神病学、情绪研究以及行为和认知神经科学的概念和研究结果，我们提出了一个统一的理论框架，用于对一般心理韧性机制进行神经科学研究。该框架适用于动物和人类研究，并支持转化研究的设计和解释。该理论强调刺激评估（评价）过程在产生情绪反应（包括对潜在压力源的反应）中的因果作用。在此基础上，它假定积极（非消极）的评估方式是防止压力产生有害影响并介导其他已知心理韧性因素作用的关键机制。评估方式由三类认知过程塑造——积极情境分类、重新评估和干扰抑制——这些过程可以在神经层面进行研究。本文还讨论了心理韧性研究未来发展的前景。
