Li Yang, Chi Zhe, Wang Guang-Yuan, Wang Zhi-Peng, Liu Guang-Lei, Lee Ching-Fu, Ma Zhai-Chao, Chi Zhen-Ming
Unesco Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , China and.
Crit Rev Microbiol. 2015 Jun;41(2):228-37. doi: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.826176. Epub 2013 Sep 9.
The genus Aureobasidium spp. have been divided into three species, A. pullulans. A. leucospermi and A. proteae, and A. pullulans has been known to have five varieties. However, after analysis of many strains of this yeast isolated from different environments, they do not belong to any of the three species or the five varieties. Although pullulan produced by A. pullulans has been widely used in different fields in industry and different strains of this yeast has been known to produce poly(β-L-malic acid) (PMA), heavy oils and β-1,3-glucan, it is still unknown how the black yeast synthesizes and secretes the extracellular polymers at molecular level. In this review article, new biosynthetic pathways of pullulan, PMA and heavy oils, the enzymes and their genes related to their biosynthesis and regulation are proposed. Furthermore, some enzymes and their genes related to pullulan biosynthesis in A. pullulans have been characterized. But it is completely unknown how pullulan is secreted and how PMA, heavy oils and β-1,3-glucan are synthesized and secreted. Therefore, there is much work to be done about taxonomy and biosynthesis, secretion and regulation of pullulan, PMA, heavy oils and β-1,3-glucan at molecular levels in Aureobasidium spp.
金担子菌属（Aureobasidium spp.）已被分为三个种，即出芽短梗霉（A. pullulans）、白果金担子菌（A. leucospermi）和山龙眼科金担子菌（A. proteae），而出芽短梗霉已知有五个变种。然而，在对从不同环境中分离出的该酵母的许多菌株进行分析后发现，它们并不属于这三个种或五个变种中的任何一种。尽管出芽短梗霉产生的普鲁兰多糖已在工业的不同领域中得到广泛应用，并且已知该酵母的不同菌株能产生聚（β-L-苹果酸）（PMA）、重油和β-1,3-葡聚糖，但在分子水平上，这种黑色酵母如何合成和分泌细胞外聚合物仍然未知。在这篇综述文章中，提出了普鲁兰多糖、PMA和重油的新生物合成途径，以及与其生物合成和调控相关的酶及其基因。此外，已经对出芽短梗霉中与普鲁兰多糖生物合成相关的一些酶及其基因进行了表征。但普鲁兰多糖是如何分泌的，以及PMA、重油和β-1,3-葡聚糖是如何合成和分泌的，这完全未知。因此，在金担子菌属中，关于普鲁兰多糖、PMA、重油和β-1,3-葡聚糖在分子水平上的分类学、生物合成、分泌和调控方面，还有很多工作要做。
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