Lipshutz Bruce H, Ghorai Subir
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
New Product Research & Development, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Corp., Milwaukee, WI 53209, USA.
Green Chem. 2014 Aug 1;16(8):3660-3679. doi: 10.1039/C4GC00503A.
Traditional organic chemistry, and organic synthesis in particular, relies heavily on organic solvents, as most reactions involve organic substrates and catalysts that tend to be water-insoluble. Unfortunately, organic solvents make up most of the organic waste created by the chemical enterprise, whether from academic, industrial, or governmental labs. One alternative to organic solvents follows the lead of Nature: water. To circumvent the solubility issues, newly engineered "designer" surfactants offer an opportunity to efficiently enable many of the commonly used transition metal-catalyzed and related reactions in organic synthesis to be run in water, and usually at ambient temperatures. This review focuses on recent progress in this area, where such amphiphiles spontaneously self-aggregate in water. The resulting micellar arrays serve as nanoreactors, obviating organic solvents as the reaction medium, while maximizing environmental benefits.
传统有机化学，尤其是有机合成，严重依赖有机溶剂，因为大多数反应涉及的有机底物和催化剂往往不溶于水。不幸的是，有机溶剂构成了化学企业产生的大部分有机废物，无论是来自学术、工业还是政府实验室。有机溶剂的一种替代方案是效仿自然：用水。为了解决溶解性问题，新设计的“定制”表面活性剂提供了一个机会，能有效地使有机合成中许多常用的过渡金属催化及相关反应在水中进行，而且通常是在室温下。本综述重点关注该领域的最新进展，即此类两亲分子在水中自发自聚集。由此产生的胶束阵列充当纳米反应器，无需有机溶剂作为反应介质，同时最大限度地提高环境效益。
