Chemical and Life Science Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Computer Science Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
Molecules. 2022 Aug 31;27(17):5611. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175611.
Reducing the use of solvents is an important aim of green chemistry. Using micelles self-assembled from amphiphilic molecules dispersed in water (considered a green solvent) has facilitated reactions of organic compounds. When performing reactions in micelles, the hydrophobic effect can considerably accelerate apparent reaction rates, as well as enhance selectivity. Here, we review micellar reaction media and their potential role in sustainable chemical production. The focus of this review is applications of engineered amphiphilic systems for reactions (surface-active ionic liquids, designer surfactants, and block copolymers) as reaction media. Micelles are a versatile platform for performing a large array of organic chemistries using water as the bulk solvent. Building on this foundation, synthetic sequences combining several reaction steps in one pot have been developed. Telescoping multiple reactions can reduce solvent waste by limiting the volume of solvents, as well as eliminating purification processes. Thus, in particular, we review recent advances in "one-pot" multistep reactions achieved using micellar reaction media with potential applications in medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. Photocatalyzed reactions in micellar reaction media are also discussed. In addition to the use of micelles, we emphasize the process (steps to isolate the product and reuse the catalyst).
减少溶剂的使用是绿色化学的一个重要目标。使用两亲分子在水中自组装形成胶束（被认为是一种绿色溶剂），可以促进有机化合物的反应。在胶束中进行反应时，疏水效应可以显著加速表观反应速率，并提高选择性。在这里，我们综述了胶束反应介质及其在可持续化学生产中的潜在作用。本综述的重点是用于反应的工程两亲系统的应用（表面活性离子液体、设计的表面活性剂和嵌段共聚物）作为反应介质。胶束是在水为主体溶剂的情况下进行大量有机化学反应的通用平台。在此基础上，已经开发出了在一锅法中组合多个反应步骤的合成序列。缩合多个反应可以通过限制溶剂的体积以及消除纯化过程来减少溶剂浪费。因此，我们特别综述了使用胶束反应介质实现“一锅法”多步反应的最新进展，这些进展在药物化学和农化领域具有潜在的应用。我们还讨论了胶束反应介质中的光催化反应。除了使用胶束外，我们还强调了该过程（分离产物和再循环催化剂的步骤）。
