Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A, Zumla Alimuddin, Gautret Philippe, Gray Gregory C, Hui David S, Al-Rabeeah Abdullah A, Memish Ziad A
Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London, UK; Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;14(10):992-1000. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70840-0. Epub 2014 Sep 1.
Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past 15 years. In 2003, WHO issued a worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, causing more than 8000 cases and 800 deaths in more than 30 countries with a substantial economic impact. Since then, we have witnessed the emergence of several other viral respiratory pathogens including influenza viruses (avian influenza H5N1, H7N9, and H10N8; variant influenza A H3N2 virus), human adenovirus-14, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In response, various surveillance systems have been developed to monitor the emergence of respiratory-tract infections. These include systems based on identification of syndromes, web-based systems, systems that gather health data from health facilities (such as emergency departments and family doctors), and systems that rely on self-reporting by patients. More effective national, regional, and international surveillance systems are required to enable rapid identification of emerging respiratory epidemics, diseases with epidemic potential, their specific microbial cause, origin, mode of acquisition, and transmission dynamics.
在过去15年里，出现了几种具有流行潜力、威胁全球卫生安全的新型病毒性呼吸道传染病。2003年，世界卫生组织针对一种不明的新出现疾病发布了全球警报，该疾病后来被命名为严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）。由一种新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）引起的这种疾病迅速在全球传播，在30多个国家造成了8000多例病例和800人死亡，产生了重大经济影响。从那时起，我们见证了其他几种病毒性呼吸道病原体的出现，包括流感病毒（禽流感H5N1、H7N9和H10N8；甲型流感病毒H3N2变异株）、人腺病毒-14和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）。作为应对措施，已开发了各种监测系统来监测呼吸道感染的出现。这些系统包括基于症状识别的系统、基于网络的系统、从医疗机构（如急诊科和家庭医生）收集健康数据的系统以及依靠患者自我报告的系统。需要更有效的国家、区域和国际监测系统，以便能够快速识别新出现的呼吸道疫情、具有流行潜力的疾病、其特定的微生物病因、起源、获得方式和传播动态。
