Johnston Smith L, Blue Rebecca S, Jennings Richard T, Tarver William J, Gray Gary W
Human Health and Performance, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX, USA.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2014 Aug;85(8):823-7. doi: 10.3357/ASEM.3968.2014.
U.S. astronauts undergo extensive job-related screening and medical examinations prior to selection in order to identify candidates optimally suited for careers in spaceflight. Screening medical standards evolved over many years and after extensive spaceflight experience. These standards assess health-related risks for each astronaut candidate, minimizing the potential for medical impact on future mission success. This document discusses the evolution of the Shuttle-era medical selection standards and the most common reasons for medical dis-qualification of applicants.
Data for astronaut candidate finalists were compiled from medical records and NASA archives from the period of 1978 to 2004 and were retrospectively reviewed for medically disqualifying conditions.
During Shuttle selection cycles, a total of 372 applicants were disqualified due to 425 medical concerns. The most common disqualifying conditions included visual, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and behavioral disorders. During this time period, three major expert panel reviews resulted in refinements and alterations to selection standards for future cycles.
Shuttle-era screening, testing, and specialist evaluations evolved through periodic expert reviews, evidence-based medicine, and astronaut medical care experience. The Shuttle medical program contributed to the development and implementation of NASA and international standards, longitudinal data collection, improved medical care, and occupational surveillance models. The lessons learned from the Shuttle program serve as the basis for medical selection for the ISS, exploration-class missions, and for those expected to participate in commercial spaceflight.
美国宇航员在入选前要接受广泛的与工作相关的筛查和医学检查，以确定最适合太空飞行职业的候选人。筛查医学标准是在多年时间里并经过广泛的太空飞行经验后逐步形成的。这些标准评估每位宇航员候选人的健康相关风险，将对未来任务成功产生医学影响的可能性降至最低。本文讨论了航天飞机时代医学选拔标准的演变以及申请人医学不合格的最常见原因。
从1978年至2004年期间的医学记录和美国国家航空航天局档案中汇编了宇航员候选人决赛选手的数据，并对医学不合格情况进行了回顾性审查。
在航天飞机选拔周期中，共有372名申请人因425项医学问题而被取消资格。最常见的不合格情况包括视力、心血管、精神和行为障碍。在此期间，三次主要专家小组审查导致对未来周期的选拔标准进行了完善和修改。
航天飞机时代的筛查、测试和专家评估通过定期专家审查、循证医学和宇航员医疗护理经验不断发展。航天飞机医疗计划为美国国家航空航天局和国际标准的制定与实施、纵向数据收集、改善医疗护理以及职业监测模型做出了贡献。从航天飞机计划中吸取的经验教训是国际空间站、探索级任务以及预期参与商业太空飞行人员医学选拔的基础。
