Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2014 Sep 5;5(1):43. doi: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-43. eCollection 2014.
Maternal over and restricted nutrition has negative consequences on the muscle of offspring by reducing muscle fiber number and altering regulators of muscle growth. To determine if over and restricted maternal nutrition affected muscle growth and gene and protein expression in offspring, 36 pregnant ewes were fed 60%, 100% or 140% of National Research Council requirements from d 31 ± 1.3 of gestation until parturition. Lambs from control-fed (CON), restricted-fed (RES) or over-fed (OVER) ewes were necropsied within 1 d of birth (n = 18) or maintained on a control diet for 3 mo (n = 15). Semitendinosus muscle was collected for immunohistochemistry, and protein and gene expression analysis.
Compared with CON, muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) increased in RES (58%) and OVER (47%) lambs at 1 d of age (P < 0.01); however at 3 mo, CSA decreased 15% and 17% compared with CON, respectively (P < 0.01). Compared with CON, muscle lipid content was increased in OVER (212.4%) and RES (92.5%) at d 1 (P < 0.0001). Muscle lipid content was increased 36.1% in OVER and decreased 23.6% in RES compared with CON at 3 mo (P < 0.0001). At d 1, myostatin mRNA abundance in whole muscle tended to be greater in OVER (P = 0.07) than CON. Follistatin mRNA abundance increased in OVER (P = 0.04) and tended to increase in RES (P = 0.06) compared with CON at d 1. However, there was no difference in myostatin or follistatin protein expression (P > 0.3). Phosphorylated Akt (ser473) was increased in RES at 3 mo compared with CON (P = 0.006).
In conclusion, maternal over and restricted nutrient intake alters muscle lipid content and growth of offspring, possibly through altered gene and protein expression.
母体营养过剩和限制会通过减少肌肉纤维数量和改变肌肉生长调节剂对后代的肌肉产生负面影响。为了确定母体营养过剩和限制是否会影响后代的肌肉生长以及基因和蛋白质表达，从妊娠第 31 天±1.3 天开始，36 只怀孕母羊分别喂食 60%、100%或 140%的国家研究委员会需求，直到分娩。来自对照喂养（CON）、限制喂养（RES）或过度喂养（OVER）母羊的羔羊在出生后 1 天内（n=18）或维持对照饮食 3 个月（n=15）进行尸检。收集半腱肌进行免疫组织化学、蛋白质和基因表达分析。
与 CON 相比，RES（58%）和 OVER（47%）羔羊在 1 日龄时肌肉纤维横截面积（CSA）增加（P<0.01）；然而，在 3 个月时，CSA 分别比 CON 减少 15%和 17%（P<0.01）。与 CON 相比，OVER（212.4%）和 RES（92.5%）在 d1 时肌肉脂质含量增加（P<0.0001）。与 CON 相比，OVER 时肌肉脂质含量增加 36.1%，RES 时减少 23.6%（P<0.0001）。在 d1 时，OVER 中肌肉组织中肌肉生长抑制素 mRNA 丰度有增加的趋势（P=0.07）。在 OVER（P=0.04）和 RES（P=0.06）中，卵泡抑素 mRNA 丰度增加，与 CON 相比，在 d1 时趋于增加。然而，肌肉生长抑制素或卵泡抑素蛋白表达没有差异（P>0.3）。与 CON 相比，RES 在 3 个月时磷酸化 Akt（ser473）增加（P=0.006）。
总之，母体营养过剩和限制会改变后代的肌肉脂质含量和生长，可能通过改变基因和蛋白质表达来实现。
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