Alspaugh J Andrew
Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Fungal Genet Biol. 2015 May;78:55-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.09.004. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is able to rapidly and effectively adapt to varying conditions, favoring its survival in the environment and in the infected host. Many microbial phenotypes have been specifically correlated with virulence in this opportunistic pathogen, such as capsule production, melanin formation, and the secretion of various proteins. Additionally, cellular features such as the cell wall and morphogenesis play important roles in the interaction of this fungus with host immune recognition and response pathways. Survival in the face of host stress also requires maintaining RNA/DNA integrity. Additionally, aging and senescence of the fungal cells determines resistance to host-derived stresses. New mechanisms regulating the expression of these virulence-associated phenotypes have been recently explored. Importantly, human clinical studies are now confirming the roles of specific microbial factors in human infections.
人类真菌病原体新型隐球菌能够迅速有效地适应各种不同条件，这有利于其在环境和受感染宿主体内生存。在这种机会性致病病原体中，许多微生物表型已被明确与毒力相关联，例如荚膜产生、黑色素形成以及各种蛋白质的分泌。此外，诸如细胞壁和形态发生等细胞特征在这种真菌与宿主免疫识别及反应途径的相互作用中发挥着重要作用。面对宿主应激时的存活还需要维持RNA/DNA的完整性。此外，真菌细胞的衰老和老化决定了对宿主衍生应激的抗性。最近人们探索了调控这些与毒力相关表型表达的新机制。重要的是，人类临床研究现已证实特定微生物因子在人类感染中的作用。
