Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
Eur J Immunol. 2014 Nov;44(11):3166-81. doi: 10.1002/eji.201344403. Epub 2014 Oct 30.
Human holobiomes are networks of mutualistic interactions between human cells and complex communities of bacteria and fungi that colonize the human body. The immune system must tolerate colonization with commensal bacteria and fungi but defend against invasion by either organism. Molecular ecological surveys of the human prokaryotic microbiota performed to date have revealed a remarkable degree of bacterial diversity and functionality. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the eukaryotic composition of the microbiota. In this review, we describe the ecology and the human niches of our fungal "fellow travelers" in both health and disease, discriminating between passengers, colonizers, and pathogens based on the interaction of these fungi with the human immune system. We conclude by highlighting the need to reconsider the etiology of many fungal and immune-related diseases in the context of the crosstalk between the human system and its resident microbial communities.
人类共生体是人类细胞与定植于人体的复杂细菌和真菌群落之间互利共生相互作用的网络。免疫系统必须耐受共生细菌和真菌的定植，但又必须抵御它们的侵袭。迄今为止对人体原核微生物组进行的分子生态学调查揭示了细菌多样性和功能的显著程度。然而，有关微生物组真核组成的信息却很少。在这篇综述中，我们描述了真菌“同行”在健康和疾病中的生态和人类小生境，根据这些真菌与人类免疫系统的相互作用，将它们区分成过客、定植者和病原体。最后，我们强调需要重新考虑许多真菌和免疫相关疾病的病因，将人类系统与其常驻微生物群落之间的相互作用纳入考虑。
