Iliev Iliyan D, Leonardi Irina
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2017 Oct;17(10):635-646. doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.55. Epub 2017 Jun 12.
Fungi and mammals share a co-evolutionary history and are involved in a complex web of interactions. Studies focused on commensal bacteria suggest that pathological changes in the microbiota, historically known as dysbiosis, are at the root of many inflammatory diseases of non-infectious origin. However, the importance of dysbiosis in the fungal community - the mycobiota - was only recently acknowledged to have a pathological role, as novel findings have suggested that mycobiota disruption can have detrimental effects on host immunity. Fungal dysbiosis and homeostasis are dynamic processes that are probably more common than actual fungal infections, and therefore constantly shape the immune response. In this Review, we summarize specific mycobiota patterns that are associated with fungal dysbiosis, and discuss how mucosal immunity has evolved to distinguish fungal infections from dysbiosis and how it responds to these different conditions. We propose that gut microbiota dysbiosis is a collective feature of complex interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities that can affect immunity and that can influence health and disease.
真菌与哺乳动物有着共同的进化历史，并参与到一个复杂的相互作用网络中。针对共生细菌的研究表明，微生物群的病理变化（历史上称为生态失调）是许多非感染性炎症性疾病的根源。然而，生态失调在真菌群落（即真菌微生物群）中的重要性直到最近才被认为具有病理作用，因为新的研究结果表明，真菌微生物群的破坏会对宿主免疫产生有害影响。真菌生态失调和稳态是动态过程，可能比实际的真菌感染更为常见，因此不断塑造免疫反应。在本综述中，我们总结了与真菌生态失调相关的特定真菌微生物群模式，并讨论了黏膜免疫如何进化以区分真菌感染和生态失调，以及它如何应对这些不同情况。我们提出，肠道微生物群生态失调是原核和真核微生物群落之间复杂相互作用的一个共同特征，它会影响免疫力，并进而影响健康和疾病。
