State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Nov 4;48(21):12586-94. doi: 10.1021/es503510q. Epub 2014 Oct 22.
Occurrence of new toxic chemicals in sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of concern for the environment and human health. Alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are a group of potentially harmful organic contaminants in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey was carried out to identify the occurrence of HFRs and their potential dehalogenated products in sewage sludge from 62 WWTPs in China. Of all 20 target chemicals analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 1, 2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE) were detected in all sludge samples, and the concentrations were in the range of 0.82-215, 0.09-65.8, and 0.10-2.26 ng g(-1) d.w., respectively. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was found in 60 of 62 samples, and the concentration ranged from nd-298 ng g(-1) with a mean of 18.9 ng g(-1) d.w. The anti-DP fractional abundance fanti (0.79) in the samples was much higher than the commercial DP composition (fanti=0.59), indicating a stereoselective degradation. Comparison with global sludge concentrations of HFRs indicate that China is at the medium pollution level in the world. Principal components analysis revealed that strong correlations existed between ln-transformed concentrations (natural logarithm) of the dominant BFRs and total organic carbon (TOC) as well as industrial wastewater proportion, influent volume and serving population. Significant linear relationships (R=0.360-0.893, p<0.01) were found among emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs), suggesting their common commercial applications and release sources to the environment. Two kinds of dehalogenated products, pentabromocyclododecane (PBCD) and undecachloropentacyclooctadecadiene (Cl11-DP), derived from HBCD and DP, were also identified in sewage sludge for the first time.
污水处理厂（WWTP）污泥中新型有毒化学物质的出现引起了人们对环境和人类健康的关注。替代卤化阻燃剂（HFRs）是环境中一类潜在的有害有机污染物。本研究对中国 62 个 WWTP 中的污水污泥进行了全国性调查，以确定 HFRs 及其潜在脱卤产物的存在情况。在所分析的 20 种目标化学物质中，二溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）和 1,2-双（2,4,6-三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）在所有污泥样品中均有检出，浓度范围分别为 0.82-215、0.09-65.8 和 0.10-2.26ng/g 干重。六溴环十二烷共有 60 个样品中检出，浓度范围为 nd-298ng/g，平均浓度为 18.9ng/g 干重。样品中反式-十氯代二苯并对二恶英（DP）的分数丰度 fanti（0.79）明显高于商用 DP 的组成（fanti=0.59），表明存在立体选择性降解。与全球污泥中 HFRs 的浓度相比，中国处于世界中等污染水平。主成分分析表明，主要 BFRs 的 ln 转化浓度（自然对数）与总有机碳（TOC）以及工业废水比例、进水体积和服务人口之间存在很强的相关性。新兴溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）之间存在显著的线性关系（R=0.360-0.893，p<0.01），表明它们具有共同的商业应用和向环境释放的来源。本研究首次在污水污泥中鉴定出两种脱卤产物，即五溴环十二烷（PBCD）和十氯代-1,4,8,11-四环十八碳二烯（Cl11-DP），它们分别来源于 HBCD 和 DP。
