Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ictiologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Division of Fishes, MRC 159, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2014 Oct 13;9(10):e110129. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110129. eCollection 2014.
The muscles serving the ventral portion of the gill arches ( = infrabranchial musculature) are poorly known in bony fishes. A comparative analysis of the infrabranchial muscles in the major percomorph lineages reveals a large amount of phylogenetically-relevant information. Characters derived from this anatomical system are identified and discussed in light of current hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships among percomorphs. New evidence supports a sister-group relationship between the Batrachoidiformes and Lophiiformes and between the Callionymoidei and Gobiesocoidei. Investigated data also corroborate the existence of two monophyletic groups, one including the Pristolepididae, Badidae, and Nandidae, and a second clade consisting of all non-amarsipid stromateiforms. New synapomorphies are proposed for the Atherinomorphae, Blenniiformes, Lophiiformes, Scombroidei (including Sphyraenidae), and Gobiiformes. Within the latter order, the Rhyacichthyidae and Odontobutidae are supported as the successive sister families of all remaining gobiiforms. The present analysis further confirms the validity of infrabranchial musculature characters previously proposed to support the grouping of the Mugiliformes with the Atherinomorphae and the monophyly of the Labriformes with the possible inclusion of the Pholidichthyiformes. Interestingly, most hypotheses of relationships supported by the infrabranchial musculature have been advanced by preceding anatomists on the basis of distinct data sources, but were never recovered in recent molecular phylogenies. These conflicts clearly indicate the current unsatisfactory resolution of the higher-level phylogeny of percomorphs.
鳃弓腹侧部（= 下鳃弓肌）的肌肉在硬骨鱼类中知之甚少。对主要鲈形目谱系的下鳃弓肌进行比较分析揭示了大量与进化相关的信息。从这个解剖系统中得出的特征在当前鲈形目进化关系的假设下被识别和讨论。新证据支持蟾鱼目和海龙目以及蟾鱼科和虾虎鱼科之间的姐妹群关系。研究数据还证实了两个单系群的存在，一个包括褶胸鱼科、蟾鱼科和南鱼科，另一个分支由所有非阿玛西皮鱼组成。为鲈形目、虾虎鱼目、海龙目、鲭形目（包括旗鱼科）和鲀形目提出了新的共形特征。在后者中，鱵科和鳞齿鱼科被支持为所有剩余的虾虎鱼科的连续姐妹科。本分析进一步证实了先前提出的以下鳃弓肌特征的有效性，这些特征支持将鲻形目与鲈形目分组，并支持唇形目与可能包括褶胸鱼目的单系性。有趣的是，下鳃弓肌支持的大多数进化关系假说都是由前解剖学家基于不同的数据源提出的，但在最近的分子系统发育中从未得到恢复。这些冲突清楚地表明，目前鲈形目高级进化的分辨率并不令人满意。
