Wong Dana, Unger Bertram, Kraut Jay, Pisa Justyn, Rhodes Charlotte, Hochman Jordan B
J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Oct 13;43(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40463-014-0031-9.
Virtual surgery may improve learning and provides an opportunity for pre-operative surgical rehearsal. We describe a novel haptic temporal bone simulator specifically developed for multicore processing and improved visual realism. A position locking algorithm for enhanced drill-bone interaction and haptic fidelity is further employed. The simulation construct is evaluated against cadaveric education.
A voxel-based simulator was designed for multicore architecture employing Marching Cubes and Laplacian smoothing to perform real-time haptic and graphic rendering of virtual bone.
Residents were equivocal about the physical properties of the VM, as cortical (3.2 ± 2.0) and trabecular (2.8 ± 1.6) bone drilling character was appraised as dissimilar to CTB. Overall similarity to cadaveric training was moderate (3.5 ± 1.8). Residents generally felt the VM was beneficial in skill development, rating it highest for translabyrinthine skull-base approaches (5.2 ± 1.3). The VM was considered an effective (5.4 ± 1.5) and accurate (5.7 ± 1.4) training tool which should be integrated into resident education (5.5 ± 1.4). The VM was thought to improve performance (5.3 ± 1.8) and confidence (5.3 ± 1.9) and was highly rated for anatomic learning (6.1 ± 1.9).
Study participants found the VM to be a beneficial and effective platform for learning temporal bone anatomy and surgical techniques. They identify some concern with limited physical realism likely owing to the haptic device interface. This study is the first to compare isomorphic simulation in education. This significantly removes possible confounding features as the haptic simulation was based on derivative imaging.
虚拟手术可改善学习效果，并为术前手术预演提供机会。我们描述了一种专门为多核处理和提高视觉真实感而开发的新型触觉颞骨模拟器。还采用了一种用于增强钻骨交互和触觉保真度的位置锁定算法。该模拟结构针对尸体教学进行了评估。
设计了一种基于体素的模拟器，用于多核架构，采用移动立方体和拉普拉斯平滑算法对虚拟骨骼进行实时触觉和图形渲染。
住院医师对虚拟模型的物理特性看法不一，因为皮质骨（3.2±2.0）和小梁骨（2.8±1.6）的钻孔特性被评估为与尸体骨不同。与尸体训练的总体相似度中等（3.5±1.8）。住院医师普遍认为虚拟模型对技能发展有益，在经迷路入路的颅底手术中评分最高（5.2±1.3）。虚拟模型被认为是一种有效的（5.4±1.5）和准确的（5.7±1.4）训练工具，应纳入住院医师教育（5.5±1.4）。虚拟模型被认为能提高表现（5.3±1.8）和信心（5.3±1.9），在解剖学学习方面评分很高（6.1±1.9）。
研究参与者发现虚拟模型是学习颞骨解剖和手术技术的有益且有效的平台。他们指出了一些对有限物理真实感的担忧，这可能是由于触觉设备接口造成的。本研究首次在教育中比较同构模拟。由于触觉模拟基于衍生成像，这显著消除了可能的混杂因素。
