Sanz Yolanda, Olivares Marta, Moya-Pérez Ángela, Agostoni Carlo
Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Pediatr Res. 2015 Jan;77(1-2):236-44. doi: 10.1038/pr.2014.170. Epub 2014 Oct 14.
The gut microbiota structure, dynamics, and function result from interactions with environmental and host factors, which jointly influence the communication between the gut and peripheral tissues, thereby contributing to health programming and disease risk. Incidence of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes has increased during the past decades, suggesting that there have been changes in the interactions between predisposing genetic and environmental factors. Animal studies show that gut microbiota and its genome (microbiome) influence alterations in energy balance (increased energy harvest) and immunity (inflammation and autoimmunity), leading to metabolic dysfunction (e.g., insulin resistance and deficiency). Thus, although they have different origins, both disorders are linked by the association of the gut microbiota with the immune-metabolic axis. Human studies have also revealed shifts in microbiome signatures in diseased subjects as compared with controls, and a few of them precede the development of these disorders. These studies contribute to pinpointing specific microbiome components and functions (e.g., butyrate-producing bacteria) that can protect against both disorders. These could exert protective roles by strengthening gut barrier function and regulating inflammation, as alterations in these are a pathophysiological feature of both disorders, constituting common targets for future preventive approaches.
肠道微生物群的结构、动态变化和功能源于与环境及宿主因素的相互作用，这些因素共同影响肠道与外周组织之间的交流，进而对健康规划和疾病风险产生影响。在过去几十年中，1型和2型糖尿病的发病率均有所上升，这表明易患糖尿病的遗传因素与环境因素之间的相互作用发生了变化。动物研究表明，肠道微生物群及其基因组（微生物组）会影响能量平衡（能量摄取增加）和免疫（炎症与自身免疫）的改变，进而导致代谢功能障碍（如胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素缺乏）。因此，尽管这两种疾病的起源不同，但肠道微生物群与免疫代谢轴的关联将它们联系在了一起。人体研究还发现，与对照组相比，患病个体的微生物组特征也发生了变化，其中一些变化先于这些疾病的发生。这些研究有助于确定能够预防这两种疾病的特定微生物组成分和功能（如产丁酸细菌）。它们可以通过增强肠道屏障功能和调节炎症发挥保护作用，因为这些方面的改变是这两种疾病的病理生理特征，构成了未来预防方法的共同靶点。
