School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2014 Nov;89(4):932-49. doi: 10.1111/brv.12087. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
The invasion of alien species into areas beyond their native ranges is having profound effects on ecosystems around the world. In particular, novel alien predators are causing rapid extinctions or declines in many native prey species, and these impacts are generally attributed to ecological naïveté or the failure to recognise a novel enemy and respond appropriately due to a lack of experience. Despite a large body of research concerning the recognition of alien predation risk by native prey, the literature lacks an extensive review of naïveté theory that specifically asks how naïveté between novel pairings of alien predators and native prey disrupts our classical understanding of predator-prey ecological theory. Here we critically review both classic and current theory relating to predator-prey interactions between both predators and prey with shared evolutionary histories, and those that are ecologically 'mismatched' through the outcomes of biological invasions. The review is structured around the multiple levels of naïveté framework of Banks & Dickman (2007), and concepts and examples are discussed as they relate to each stage in the process from failure to recognise a novel predator (Level 1 naïveté), through to appropriate (Level 2) and effective (Level 3) antipredator responses. We discuss the relative contributions of recognition, cue types and the implied risk of cues used by novel alien and familiar native predators, to the probability that prey will recognise a novel predator. We then cover the antipredator response types available to prey and the factors that predict whether these responses will be appropriate or effective against novel alien and familiar native predators. In general, the level of naïveté of native prey can be predicted by the degree of novelty (in terms of appearance, behaviour or habitat use) of the alien predator compared to native predators with which prey are experienced. Appearance in this sense includes cue types, spatial distribution and implied risk of cues, whilst behaviour and habitat use include hunting modes and the habitat domain of the predator. Finally, we discuss whether the antipredator response can occur without recognition per se, for example in the case of morphological defences, and then consider a potential extension of the multiple levels of naïveté framework. The review concludes with recommendations for the design and execution of naïveté experiments incorporating the key concepts and issues covered here. This review aims to critique and combine classic ideas about predator-prey interactions with current naïveté theory, to further develop the multiple levels of naïveté framework, and to suggest the most fruitful avenues for future research.
外来物种入侵到其原生范围以外的地区，对世界各地的生态系统产生了深远的影响。特别是，新出现的外来捕食者正在导致许多本地猎物物种的快速灭绝或减少，这些影响通常归因于生态上的幼稚或由于缺乏经验而未能识别新的敌人并做出适当的反应。尽管有大量关于本地猎物识别外来捕食风险的研究，但文献中缺乏对幼稚理论的广泛综述，该理论特别询问了新出现的外来捕食者和本地猎物之间的幼稚关系如何破坏我们对捕食者-猎物生态理论的经典理解。在这里，我们批判性地回顾了经典和当前的理论，这些理论涉及到具有共同进化历史的捕食者和猎物之间的捕食者-猎物相互作用，以及通过生物入侵产生的生态“不匹配”的捕食者和猎物之间的捕食者-猎物相互作用。该综述围绕着 Banks 和 Dickman（2007 年）的多个层次的幼稚框架构建，讨论了概念和例子，因为它们与从未能识别新捕食者（第 1 级幼稚）到适当（第 2 级）和有效（第 3 级）的捕食者防御反应过程中的各个阶段有关。我们讨论了新出现的外来和熟悉的本地捕食者使用的识别、线索类型和线索隐含风险对猎物识别新捕食者的可能性的相对贡献。然后，我们介绍了猎物可用的捕食者防御反应类型，以及预测这些反应对新出现的外来和熟悉的本地捕食者是否适当或有效的因素。一般来说，与猎物有经验的本地捕食者相比，外来捕食者的新颖性（外观、行为或栖息地使用方面）可以预测本地猎物的幼稚程度。在这个意义上，外观包括线索类型、空间分布和线索的隐含风险，而行为和栖息地使用包括狩猎模式和捕食者的栖息地范围。最后，我们讨论了没有识别本身是否可以发生捕食者防御反应，例如在形态防御的情况下，然后考虑对多个层次的幼稚框架的潜在扩展。综述最后提出了设计和执行包含这里涵盖的关键概念和问题的幼稚实验的建议。本综述旨在批判和结合经典的捕食者-猎物相互作用思想与当前的幼稚理论，进一步发展多个层次的幼稚框架，并提出未来研究最有成效的途径。
