Salas H J
Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1989 Sep;107(3):226-39.
The history and application of microbiological standards to measure the quality of seawater for primary-contact recreational use and for the harvesting of shellfish are reviewed. Recent research concludes that enterococci, as indicator organisms, provide the most accurate correlation with gastrointestinal disorders attributed to swimming in contaminated waters. Accordingly, a linear relation has been established between mean enterococcus density per 100 ml and swimming associated gastrointestinal disorders per 1,000 population, and in 1984 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted these bacteria as the primary indicator organisms for recreational waters in lieu of the indicators applied up til then, mainly total and fecal coliforms. International, national, and local microbiological standards and guidelines are presented to provide the sanitary engineer with a water quality range for the marine environment. Before adaptation of particular set of standards, local and national circumstances as well as socioeconomic factors should be carefully reviewed. Moreover, the application of quantitative relationships between health risks and the level of indicator organisms should take into account the general health and immunity conditions of the local population.
本文回顾了微生物标准在衡量用于初次接触式娱乐用途的海水质量以及贝类捕捞海水质量方面的历史和应用。近期研究得出结论，作为指示生物，肠球菌与因在受污染水域游泳而导致的胃肠道疾病具有最准确的相关性。因此，已确定每100毫升肠球菌平均密度与每1000人口中与游泳相关的胃肠道疾病之间存在线性关系，并且在1984年，美国环境保护局（EPA）采用这些细菌作为娱乐用水的主要指示生物，以取代此前一直使用的指示生物，主要是总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群。文中列出了国际、国家和地方的微生物标准及指南，为卫生工程师提供海洋环境的水质范围。在采用特定的标准集之前，应仔细审查当地和国家的情况以及社会经济因素。此外，在应用健康风险与指示生物水平之间的定量关系时，应考虑当地人群的总体健康状况和免疫状况。
