Pyne David B, West Nicholas P, Cox Amanda J, Cripps Allan W
a Department of Physiology , Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra , ACT , Australia.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):63-72. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.971879. Epub 2014 Oct 23.
Probiotic supplementation has traditionally focused on gut health. However, in recent years, the clinical applications of probiotics have broadened to allergic, metabolic, inflammatory, gastrointestinal and respiratory conditions. Gastrointestinal health is important for regulating adaptation to exercise and physical activity. Symptoms such as nausea, bloating, cramping, pain, diarrhoea and bleeding occur in some athletes, particularly during prolonged exhaustive events. Several studies conducted since 2006 examining probiotic supplementation in athletes or highly active individuals indicate modest clinical benefits in terms of reduced frequency, severity and/or duration of respiratory and gastrointestinal illness. The likely mechanisms of action for probiotics include direct interaction with the gut microbiota, interaction with the mucosal immune system and immune signalling to a variety of organs and systems. Practical issues to consider include medical and dietary screening of athletes, sourcing of recommended probiotics and formulations, dose-response requirements for different probiotic strains, storage, handling and transport of supplements and timing of supplementation in relation to travel and competition.
传统上，益生菌补充剂主要关注肠道健康。然而，近年来，益生菌的临床应用已扩展到过敏、代谢、炎症、胃肠道和呼吸道疾病等领域。胃肠道健康对于调节运动和体育活动的适应性很重要。一些运动员会出现恶心、腹胀、绞痛、疼痛、腹泻和出血等症状，尤其是在长时间的力竭运动期间。自2006年以来，多项针对运动员或高活动量个体补充益生菌的研究表明，在减少呼吸道和胃肠道疾病的发作频率、严重程度和/或持续时间方面，临床益处不大。益生菌可能的作用机制包括与肠道微生物群的直接相互作用、与黏膜免疫系统的相互作用以及对各种器官和系统的免疫信号传导。需要考虑的实际问题包括对运动员进行医学和饮食筛查、推荐益生菌及其制剂的来源、不同益生菌菌株的剂量反应要求、补充剂的储存、处理和运输，以及与旅行和比赛相关的补充时间。
