Adv Clin Chem. 2014;66:173-240. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801401-1.00006-2.
GLUT4 is regulated by its intracellular localization. In the absence of insulin, GLUT4 is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation (and contraction in muscle), GLUT4 translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell. Its implication in insulin-regulated glucose uptake makes GLUT4 not only a key player in normal glucose homeostasis but also an important element in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, how GLUT4 is retained intracellularly and how insulin acts on this retention mechanism is largely unclear. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the various molecular processes that govern GLUT4 physiology is discussed as well as the questions that remain.
GLUT4 的表达受到其细胞内定位的调控。在胰岛素缺乏的情况下，GLUT4 能够被有效地保留在肌肉和脂肪细胞的储存隔室内。当受到胰岛素刺激（以及肌肉收缩）时，GLUT4 从这些隔室转位到细胞表面，在那里它将葡萄糖从细胞外环境中转运到细胞内。GLUT4 在胰岛素调节的葡萄糖摄取中发挥作用，使其不仅成为正常葡萄糖稳态的关键因素，也是胰岛素抵抗和 2 型糖尿病的重要因素。然而，GLUT4 如何在细胞内被保留以及胰岛素如何作用于这种保留机制在很大程度上仍不清楚。在这篇综述中，讨论了控制 GLUT4 生理学的各种分子过程的现有知识，以及仍然存在的问题。
