DeLorenzo M E, Brooker J, Chung K W, Kelly M, Martinez J, Moore J G, Thomas M
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412.
Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, 29412.
Environ Toxicol. 2016 Apr;31(4):469-77. doi: 10.1002/tox.22060. Epub 2014 Oct 28.
Antimicrobial compounds are widespread, emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment and may threaten ecosystem and human health. This study characterized effects of antimicrobial compounds common to human and veterinary medicine, aquaculture, and consumer personal care products [erythromycin (ERY), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), oxytetracycline (OTC), and triclosan (TCS)] in the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. The effects of antimicrobial treatments on grass shrimp mortality and lipid peroxidation activity were measured. The effects of antimicrobial treatments on the bacterial community of the shrimp were then assessed by measuring Vibrio density and testing bacterial isolates for antibiotic resistance. TCS (0.33 mg/L) increased shrimp mortality by 37% and increased lipid peroxidation activity by 63%. A mixture of 0.33 mg/L TCS and 60 mg/L SMX caused a 47% increase in shrimp mortality and an 88% increase in lipid peroxidation activity. Exposure to SMX (30 mg/L or 60 mg/L) alone and to a mixture of SMX/ERY/OTC did not significantly affect shrimp survival or lipid peroxidation activity. Shrimp exposure to 0.33 mg/L TCS increased Vibrio density 350% as compared to the control whereas SMX, the SMX/TCS mixture, and the mixture of SMX/ERY/OTC decreased Vibrio density 78-94%. Increased Vibrio antibiotic resistance was observed for all shrimp antimicrobial treatments except for the mixture of SMX/ERY/OTC. Approximately 87% of grass shrimp Vibrio isolates displayed resistance to TCS in the control treatment suggesting a high level of TCS resistance in environmental Vibrio populations. The presence of TCS in coastal waters may preferentially increase the resistance and abundance of pathogenic bacteria. These results indicate the need for further study into the potential interactions between antimicrobials, aquatic organisms, and associated bacterial communities.
抗菌化合物是水环境中广泛存在的新兴污染物，可能威胁生态系统和人类健康。本研究表征了人类和兽医学、水产养殖及消费个人护理产品中常见的抗菌化合物[红霉素（ERY）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、土霉素（OTC）和三氯生（TCS）]对草虾（Palaemonetes pugio）的影响。测定了抗菌处理对草虾死亡率和脂质过氧化活性的影响。然后通过测量弧菌密度和检测细菌分离株的抗生素抗性，评估抗菌处理对虾细菌群落的影响。三氯生（0.33毫克/升）使虾死亡率增加37%，脂质过氧化活性增加63%。0.33毫克/升三氯生和60毫克/升磺胺甲恶唑的混合物使虾死亡率增加47%，脂质过氧化活性增加88%。单独暴露于磺胺甲恶唑（30毫克/升或60毫克/升）以及暴露于磺胺甲恶唑/红霉素/土霉素混合物中均未显著影响虾的存活或脂质过氧化活性。与对照组相比，虾暴露于0.33毫克/升三氯生使弧菌密度增加350%，而磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲恶唑/三氯生混合物以及磺胺甲恶唑/红霉素/土霉素混合物使弧菌密度降低78 - 94%。除磺胺甲恶唑/红霉素/土霉素混合物外，所有虾抗菌处理均观察到弧菌抗生素抗性增加。在对照处理中，约87%的草虾弧菌分离株对三氯生表现出抗性，表明环境弧菌群体中三氯生抗性水平较高。沿海水域中三氯生的存在可能会优先增加病原菌的抗性和丰度。这些结果表明需要进一步研究抗菌剂、水生生物和相关细菌群落之间的潜在相互作用。
