University at Buffalo.
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2015 Feb;41(1):152-66. doi: 10.1037/a0038285. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
When singing a melody or producing sentences, we take for granted the fact that the sounds we create (auditory feedback) match the intended consequences of our actions. The importance of these perception/action matches to production is illustrated by the detrimental effects of altered auditory feedback (AAF). Previous research in the domain of music has shown that when AAF leads to asynchronies between perception and action, timing of production is disrupted but accuracy of sequencing is not. On the other hand, AAF manipulations of pitch disrupt sequencing but not timing. Such dissociative effects, as well as other findings, suggest that sensitivity to AAF may be based on hierarchical organization of sequences. In the current research we examined whether similar effects are found for the production of speech, for which syllables rather than pitches may constitute content units. In the first experiment, participants either sang melodies or spoke sequences of nonsense syllables. In the second experiment, the tasks were combined such that participants sang syllable sequences. Production in both experiments was accompanied by either normal, asynchronous, or content altered auditory feedback. Across experiments, effects of AAF on the accuracy of sequencing were similar in speaking and singing tasks, and in all cases reflected the dissociative effects described earlier. For timing of production, however, previous results were only found when participants sang sequences that did not have varying syllabic content. These results suggest that sensitivity to timing exists at multiple hierarchical levels, particularly at the syllable and phonetic levels.
当我们唱歌或说话时，我们理所当然地认为我们发出的声音（听觉反馈）与我们行为的预期结果相匹配。听觉反馈的改变（AAF）对产生的负面影响说明了这些感知/动作匹配对产生的重要性。音乐领域的先前研究表明，当 AAF 导致感知和动作之间的失同步时，产生的时间会受到干扰，但顺序的准确性不受影响。另一方面，AAF 对音高的操纵会干扰顺序但不干扰时间。这种分离的效果以及其他发现表明，对 AAF 的敏感性可能基于序列的分层组织。在当前的研究中，我们研究了是否会对言语的产生产生类似的效果，对于言语，音节而不是音高可能构成内容单元。在第一个实验中，参与者要么唱歌，要么说出无意义音节的序列。在第二个实验中，将任务结合起来，让参与者唱歌节序列。在两个实验中，无论是正常的、异步的还是内容改变的听觉反馈，都伴随着产生。在实验中，AAF 对说话和唱歌任务中顺序准确性的影响相似，在所有情况下都反映了前面描述的分离效果。然而，对于产生的时间，只有当参与者唱的序列没有变化的音节内容时，才会出现先前的结果。这些结果表明，对时间的敏感性存在于多个层次结构中，特别是在音节和语音层次上。
