Lewis R Jeffrey, Copley G Bruce
ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Epidemiology and Health Surveillance , Annandale, NJ , USA.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2015 Feb;45(2):93-123. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2014.971943. Epub 2014 Nov 28.
The effects of exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on human health are well known. However, the potential human health hazards posed by low-level chronic environmental H2S exposure are being debated. Accordingly, we reviewed the literature regarding the effects of chronic, environmentally-relevant H2S exposures on human health. All human observational studies using an analytical study design (e.g. cohort, cross-sectional, case-control) to evaluate chronic-duration low-level H2S exposure (approximately ≤ 10 ppm on average, for 1 year or more), were evaluated for a range of health outcomes. Respiratory symptoms in both adults and children were the most consistently reported symptoms on the increase. When reported, such effects appear to be temporary, given that there is no consistent evidence of pulmonary function deficit in either age group, among those chronically exposed to low H2S concentrations. While sparse, some data also suggest potential ocular symptoms and disorders associated with chronic ambient level H2S exposure in adults (not children), but the limited data on H2S exposures, co-exposures and/or strong odor stimulus of H2S, temper interpretation. Neurological symptoms and deficits have been reported in some studies, but the highest quality evidence, obtained using objective outcome measures and a reasonably detailed assessment of exposure, does not support a neurological-related risk in adults (only one study in children). For the other endpoints assessed (cardiovascular, reproductive and developmental, and carcinogenicity), the results were mixed and/or conflicting, but did not indicate a potential health hazard, although this literature has several major limitations, particularly with regard to exposure estimation and the ability to assess exposure-response.
高浓度硫化氢（H₂S）暴露对人体健康的影响是众所周知的。然而，低水平慢性环境H₂S暴露对人体健康的潜在危害仍存在争议。因此，我们回顾了有关与环境相关的慢性H₂S暴露对人体健康影响的文献。对所有采用分析性研究设计（如队列研究、横断面研究、病例对照研究）来评估慢性低水平H₂S暴露（平均约≤10 ppm，持续1年或更长时间）的人体观察性研究，针对一系列健康结果进行了评估。成人和儿童的呼吸道症状是报告中最一致出现增加的症状。在报告中，这种影响似乎是暂时的，因为在长期暴露于低H₂S浓度的两个年龄组中，均没有一致的证据表明存在肺功能缺陷。虽然数据稀少，但一些数据也表明成人（而非儿童）存在与慢性环境水平H₂S暴露相关的潜在眼部症状和疾病，但关于H₂S暴露、共同暴露和/或H₂S强烈气味刺激的数据有限，影响了对结果的解读。一些研究报告了神经症状和缺陷，但使用客观结果测量和对暴露进行合理详细评估所获得的最高质量证据并不支持成人（儿童中仅有一项研究）存在与神经相关的风险。对于评估的其他终点（心血管、生殖和发育以及致癌性），结果参差不齐和/或相互矛盾，但并未表明存在潜在健康危害，尽管该文献存在几个主要局限性，特别是在暴露估计以及评估暴露-反应的能力方面。
