Hornig Manuel, Aust Friedhelm, Güllich Arne
a Institute of Sports Sciences , University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany.
b Department of Professional Football, Deutscher Sportclub Arminia Bielefeld , Bielefeld , Germany.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16(1):96-105. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.982204. Epub 2014 Dec 2.
This study examined the developmental sporting activities of 52 German football first Bundesliga professionals (including 18 senior national team members) and 50 fourth to sixth league amateur players. They reported their volumes of organised football practice/training, including its "microstructure" (proportions of physical conditioning, skill exercises and playing forms), non-organised leisure football play and engagement in other sports through their career, respectively. Analyses revealed that the Bundesliga professionals performed moderate amounts of organised football practice/training throughout their career. They accumulated 4264 (mean value) hours over ~16 years before debuting in 1st Bundesliga; senior National Team debut was preceded by 4532 hours (mean) over ~17 years. Within the "microstructure" of organised practice/training, the proportion of playing forms developed from ~52% (childhood) to ~45% (adolescence) and ~40% (adulthood) and physical conditioning from ~13% to ~14% and ~23%. Outside organised involvement, these players engaged in extensive non-organised leisure football play making ~68%, ~54% and ~9% of all football involvement. Subsuming organised and non-organised football, ~86% (childhood), ~73% (adolescence) and ~43% (adulthood) of all activity was game play (exclusive matchplay). National Team differed from amateurs in more non-organised leisure football in childhood, more engagement in other sports in adolescence, later specialisation, and in more organised football only at age 22+ years. Relative to numerous other studies, these players performed less organised practice, particularly less physical conditioning, but greater proportions of playing activities. The findings are discussed relative to the significance of playing forms and variable involvements and are reflected against the deliberate practice and Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP) frameworks.
本研究调查了52名德国足球甲级联赛一线职业球员（包括18名国家队成年队员）和50名德国足球第四至第六级别联赛的业余球员的运动发展活动情况。他们分别报告了自己在整个职业生涯中参与有组织的足球训练的时长，包括训练的“微观结构”（体能训练、技能练习和比赛形式的占比）、无组织的业余足球活动以及参与其他运动的情况。分析结果显示，德甲职业球员在整个职业生涯中进行的有组织的足球训练量适中。在首次亮相德甲之前的约16年里，他们累计训练时长达到4264小时（平均值）；在首次代表国家队成年队出战之前的约17年里，累计训练时长为4532小时（平均值）。在有组织训练的“微观结构”方面，比赛形式的占比从童年时期的约52%发展到青少年时期的约45%和成年时期的约40%，体能训练的占比则从约13%增长到约14%和约23%。在有组织的足球训练之外，这些球员还大量参与无组织的业余足球活动，这部分活动分别占他们所有足球活动的约68%、约54%和约9%。将有组织和无组织的足球活动加起来计算，所有活动中约86%（童年时期）、约73%（青少年时期）和约43%（成年时期）是比赛（不包括正式比赛）。国家队球员与业余球员的不同之处在于，国家队球员在童年时期参与的无组织业余足球活动更多，在青少年时期参与其他运动的情况更多，开始专项化训练的时间更晚，并且直到22岁及以后才进行更多有组织的足球训练。与众多其他研究相比，这些球员进行的有组织训练较少，尤其是体能训练，但比赛活动的占比更高。本研究结合比赛形式和多样化参与的重要性对研究结果进行了讨论，并对照刻意练习和运动参与发展模型（DMSP）框架进行了反思。
