School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton , Brighton, UK.
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, Canada.
J Sports Sci. 2020 Jun-Jun;38(11-12):1432-1440. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1789384. Epub 2020 Jul 4.
We study the developmental and professional activities engaged in by 86 female adult soccer players from the senior national teams of Australia, Canada, England, Sweden, and the United States of America. Players completed the Participation History Questionnaire (PHQ) to elicit the amount and type of activities engaged in across their developmental and professional years, including milestones, soccer-specific activity and engagement in other sport activity. Greater specialisation than diversification characterised their childhood developmental activities, including all players starting in soccer in childhood and accumulating more hours in soccer activity than other sports during this period. However, interindividual variation further characterised these childhood activities, with a proportion of players diversifying into other sports and/or soccer play to a greater or lesser degree during childhood when compared to the other players. The amount of coach-led soccer practice increased for all players across their development culminating in an average of 15-16 h/wk across a 40-week season in early adulthood. In contrast, the amount of engagement in other sports and soccer peer-led play varied between players but generally decreased across adolescence to negligible amounts in late adolescence. Findings are commensurate with the deliberate practice framework and early engagement.
我们研究了来自澳大利亚、加拿大、英格兰、瑞典和美国的 86 名成年女足国家队球员的发展和职业活动。球员们完成了参与历史问卷（PHQ），以了解他们在发展和职业生涯中参与的活动的数量和类型，包括里程碑、特定于足球的活动以及参与其他运动活动。与多样化相比，专业化更能描述她们的儿童发展活动，包括所有球员在儿童时期都开始踢足球，并且在此期间在足球活动上花费的时间比其他运动多。然而，个体间的差异进一步描述了这些儿童时期的活动，与其他球员相比，一些球员在儿童时期更多地或更少地将活动多样化到其他运动或足球比赛中。所有球员的教练指导下的足球练习量都在他们的发展过程中增加，最终在成年早期的一个 40 周赛季中平均每周 15-16 小时。相比之下，参与其他运动和足球同辈指导下的比赛的数量因球员而异，但通常在青春期逐渐减少到青春期后期几乎可以忽略不计。研究结果与刻意练习框架和早期参与相一致。
