Solomon Samuel G, Kohn Adam
Institute for Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Curr Biol. 2014 Oct 20;24(20):R1012-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.001. Epub 2014 Oct 21.
How an object is perceived depends on the temporal context in which it is encountered. Sensory signals in the brain also depend on temporal context, a phenomenon often referred to as adaptation. Traditional descriptions of adaptation effects emphasize various forms of response fatigue in single neurons, which grow in strength with exposure to a stimulus. Recent work on vision, and other sensory modalities, has shown that this description has substantial shortcomings. Here we review our emerging understanding of how adaptation alters the balance between excitatory and suppressive signals, how effects depend on adaptation duration, and how adaptation influences representations that are distributed within and across multiple brain structures. This work points to a sophisticated set of mechanisms for adjusting to recent sensory experience, and suggests new avenues for understanding their function.
一个物体如何被感知取决于它被遇到时的时间背景。大脑中的感觉信号也取决于时间背景，这一现象通常被称为适应。对适应效应的传统描述强调单个神经元的各种形式的反应疲劳，这种疲劳会随着对刺激的暴露而增强。最近关于视觉和其他感觉模态的研究表明，这种描述有很大的缺陷。在这里，我们回顾了我们对适应如何改变兴奋性和抑制性信号之间的平衡、效应如何取决于适应持续时间以及适应如何影响分布在多个脑结构内和跨多个脑结构的表征的新认识。这项工作指出了一套复杂的机制来适应最近的感觉体验，并为理解它们的功能提出了新的途径。
