Dumont Egon, Johnson Andrew C, Keller Virginie D J, Williams Richard J
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
Environ Pollut. 2015 Jan;196:341-9. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.022.
Nano silver and nano zinc-oxide monthly concentrations in surface waters across Europe were modeled at ~6 x 9 km spatial resolution. Nano-particle loadings from households to rivers were simulated considering household connectivity to sewerage, sewage treatment efficiency, the spatial distribution of sewage treatment plants, and their associated populations. These loadings were used to model temporally varying nano-particle concentrations in rivers, lakes and wetlands by considering dilution, downstream transport, water evaporation, water abstraction, and nano-particle sedimentation. Temporal variability in concentrations caused by weather variation was simulated using monthly weather data for a representative 31-year period. Modeled concentrations represent current levels of nano-particle production.Two scenarios were modeled. In the most likely scenario, half the river stretches had long-term average concentrations exceeding 0.002 ng L(-1) nano silver and 1.5 ng L(-1) nano zinc oxide. In 10% of the river stretches, these concentrations exceeded 0.18 ng L(-1) and 150 ng L(-1), respectively. Predicted concentrations were usually highest in July.
欧洲地表水纳米银和纳米氧化锌的月浓度以约6×9公里的空间分辨率进行建模。考虑到家庭与污水处理系统的连通性、污水处理效率、污水处理厂的空间分布及其相关人口,模拟了从家庭到河流的纳米颗粒负荷。通过考虑稀释、下游输送、水蒸发、取水和纳米颗粒沉降,利用这些负荷对河流、湖泊和湿地中随时间变化的纳米颗粒浓度进行建模。使用一个具有代表性的31年期间的月度气象数据模拟了由天气变化引起的浓度时间变异性。模拟浓度代表了纳米颗粒的当前生产水平。模拟了两种情景。在最有可能的情景中,一半的河段长期平均浓度超过0.002纳克/升纳米银和1.5纳克/升纳米氧化锌。在10%的河段中,这些浓度分别超过0.18纳克/升和150纳克/升。预测浓度通常在7月最高。