Periodontol 2000. 2015 Feb;67(1):251-67. doi: 10.1111/prd.12070.
Periodontal disease is one of the most common conditions affecting humans, and current treatment strategies, which focus on the removal and long-term control of dental plaque, are generally successful in eliminating active disease and promoting tissue repair. However, regeneration of the supporting structures of the tooth remains an elusive goal and a challenge. The formation of new bone and cementum with supportive periodontal ligament is the ultimate objective, but current regeneration therapies are incapable of achieving this in a predictable way. The regeneration of periodontal tissue requires a combination of fundamental events, such as appropriate level and sequencing of regulatory signals, the presence of progenitor cells, an extracellular matrix or carrier and an adequate blood supply. Based on tissue-engineering concepts, the regeneration process may be modulated by manipulating the signaling pathways of regulatory molecules, the extracellular matrix or scaffold, or the cellular components. The identification of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow started a new era in regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells became a therapeutic option with several advantages, including high-quality regeneration of damaged tissues without the formation of fibrous tissue, minimal donor-site morbidity compared with autografts and a low risk of autoimmune rejection and disease transmission. The aim of this review was to describe the main sources of mesenchymal stem cells from tissues in the oral cavity and the potential of these cells in regenerative therapy. Special attention is paid to gingival tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells because they represent the most accessible source of stem cells in the human mouth.
牙周病是影响人类的最常见病症之一，目前的治疗策略侧重于清除和长期控制牙菌斑，这些策略通常能成功消除活动性疾病并促进组织修复。然而，牙齿支持结构的再生仍然是一个难以实现的目标和挑战。形成具有支持牙周韧带的新骨和牙骨质是最终目标，但目前的再生疗法无法以可预测的方式实现这一目标。牙周组织的再生需要一系列基本事件的结合，如适当水平和顺序的调节信号、祖细胞的存在、细胞外基质或载体以及充足的血液供应。基于组织工程学的概念，通过操纵调节分子的信号通路、细胞外基质或支架或细胞成分，可以调节再生过程。从骨髓中鉴定出间充质干细胞，开创了再生医学的新纪元。利用间充质干细胞进行组织工程学已成为一种治疗选择，具有多种优势，包括在不形成纤维组织的情况下高质量地再生受损组织、与自体移植物相比，供体部位发病率较低，以及自身免疫排斥和疾病传播的风险较低。本文的目的是描述口腔组织中间充质干细胞的主要来源，以及这些细胞在再生治疗中的潜力。特别关注牙龈组织来源的间充质干细胞，因为它们是人类口腔中最容易获得的干细胞来源。
