Palma Leopoldo, Muñoz Delia, Berry Colin, Murillo Jesús, Caballero Primitivo
Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, 31192 Navarra, Spain.
Grupo de Protección Cultivos, Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, 31006 Navarra, Spain.
Toxins (Basel). 2014 Dec 11;6(12):3296-325. doi: 10.3390/toxins6123296.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram positive, spore-forming bacterium that synthesizes parasporal crystalline inclusions containing Cry and Cyt proteins, some of which are toxic against a wide range of insect orders, nematodes and human-cancer cells. These toxins have been successfully used as bioinsecticides against caterpillars, beetles, and flies, including mosquitoes and blackflies. Bt also synthesizes insecticidal proteins during the vegetative growth phase, which are subsequently secreted into the growth medium. These proteins are commonly known as vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) and hold insecticidal activity against lepidopteran, coleopteran and some homopteran pests. A less well characterized secretory protein with no amino acid similarity to Vip proteins has shown insecticidal activity against coleopteran pests and is termed Sip (secreted insecticidal protein). Bin-like and ETX_MTX2-family proteins (Pfam PF03318), which share amino acid similarities with mosquitocidal binary (Bin) and Mtx2 toxins, respectively, from Lysinibacillus sphaericus, are also produced by some Bt strains. In addition, vast numbers of Bt isolates naturally present in the soil and the phylloplane also synthesize crystal proteins whose biological activity is still unknown. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the known active Bt toxins to date and discuss their activities.
苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）是一种革兰氏阳性、形成芽孢的细菌，它能合成包含Cry和Cyt蛋白的伴孢晶体包涵体，其中一些蛋白对多种昆虫目、线虫和人类癌细胞具有毒性。这些毒素已成功用作针对毛虫、甲虫和苍蝇（包括蚊子和蚋）的生物杀虫剂。Bt在营养生长阶段也会合成杀虫蛋白，这些蛋白随后会分泌到生长培养基中。这些蛋白通常被称为营养期杀虫蛋白（Vips），对鳞翅目、鞘翅目和一些同翅目害虫具有杀虫活性。一种与Vip蛋白没有氨基酸相似性、特征不太明确的分泌蛋白已显示出对鞘翅目害虫的杀虫活性，被称为Sip（分泌型杀虫蛋白）。一些Bt菌株还会产生与球形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌的杀蚊二元（Bin）毒素和Mtx2毒素分别具有氨基酸相似性的Bin样蛋白和ETX_MTX2家族蛋白（Pfam PF03318）。此外，土壤和叶面上自然存在的大量Bt分离株也会合成生物活性仍未知的晶体蛋白。在这篇综述中，我们提供了迄今为止已知的活性Bt毒素的最新概述，并讨论了它们的活性。
