Macklin Ruth
J Med Ethics. 2015 Jan;41(1):75-8. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102354.
The criteria for determining what it is to do good medical ethics are the quality of ethical analysis and ethical justifications for decisions and actions. Justifications for decisions and actions rely on ethical principles, be they the 'famous four' or subsidiary ethical principles relevant to specific contexts. Examples from clinical ethics, research ethics and public health ethics reveal that even when not stated explicitly, principles are involved in ethical justifications. Principles may come into conflict, however, and the resolution of an ethical dilemma requires providing good reasons for preferring one principle over another.
判定何为良好医学伦理的标准是决策与行动的伦理分析质量及伦理依据。决策与行动的依据依赖于伦理原则，无论是“著名的四大原则”还是与特定情境相关的附属伦理原则。临床伦理、研究伦理和公共卫生伦理的实例表明，即便未明确阐述，原则也会参与到伦理依据之中。然而，原则可能会相互冲突，解决伦理困境需要给出充分理由以表明为何优先选择某一原则而非另一原则。
