Kazén Miguel, Solís-Macías Víctor M
a Faculty of Human Sciences , Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabrück , Osnabrück , Germany.
b Laboratorio de Cognición, Facultad de Psicología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico.
Memory. 2016;24(1):128-45. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2014.990981. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
In two experiments, we investigate hypermnesia, net memory improvements with repeated testing of the same material after a single study trial. In the first experiment, we found hypermnesia across three trials for the recall of word solutions to Socratic stimuli (dictionary-like definitions of concepts) replicating Erdelyi, Buschke, and Finkelstein and, for the first time using these materials, for their recognition. In the second experiment, we had two "yes/no" recognition groups, a Socratic stimuli group presented with concrete and abstract verbal materials and a word-only control group. Using signal detection measures, we found hypermnesia for concrete Socratic stimuli-and stable performance for abstract stimuli across three recognition tests. The control group showed memory decrements across tests. We interpret these findings with the alternative retrieval pathways (ARP) hypothesis, contrasting it with alternative theories of hypermnesia, such as depth of processing, generation and retrieve-recognise. We conclude that recognition hypermnesia for concrete Socratic stimuli is a reliable phenomenon, which we found in two experiments involving both forced-choice and yes/no recognition procedures.
在两项实验中，我们研究了记忆增强现象，即在单次学习试验后对相同材料进行重复测试时记忆的净改善情况。在第一个实验中，我们发现，在对苏格拉底式刺激（类似词典的概念定义）的单词答案进行回忆的三个试验中存在记忆增强现象，这重复了厄德利、布施克和芬克尔斯坦的研究结果，并且首次使用这些材料进行识别时也发现了记忆增强现象。在第二个实验中，我们有两个“是/否”识别组，一个苏格拉底式刺激组，呈现具体和抽象的语言材料，以及一个仅单词的对照组。使用信号检测方法，我们发现在三次识别测试中，具体的苏格拉底式刺激存在记忆增强现象，而抽象刺激的表现稳定。对照组在各测试中显示出记忆减退。我们用替代检索途径（ARP）假说对这些发现进行了解释，并将其与记忆增强的其他理论，如加工深度、生成和检索-识别理论进行了对比。我们得出结论，具体的苏格拉底式刺激的识别记忆增强是一种可靠的现象，我们在两项涉及强制选择和“是/否”识别程序的实验中都发现了这一现象。
