Kazén M, Solís-Macías V M
University of Osnabrück, Fachbereich Psychologie, Germany.
Br J Psychol. 1999 Aug;90 ( Pt 3):405-24. doi: 10.1348/000712699161495.
The alternative retrieval pathways (ARP) hypothesis of hypermnesia is here proposed. This hypothesis predicts hypermnesia (net improvements in recall or recognition after initial learning) whenever alternative retrieval pathways are provided leading to the original episodic trace. Initial evidence for this hypothesis was obtained in two experiments testing a non-obvious prediction of its format transformation assumption, namely that hypermnesia would be obtained in recognition and would not occur in recall if the former, but not the latter, condition requires obligatory format transformations between item encoding and retrieval. In the first experiment the same participants, exposed to identical items and having analogous encoding and retrieval conditions, showed recognition and did not show recall hypermnesia. With a between-participant design, the second experiment replicated the recognition hypermnesia findings, using a different recognition procedure and three instead of two test trials, whereas recall hypermnesia remained absent. Results are discussed comparing the heuristic value of ARP hypothesis to that of other current theories. It is concluded that recognition hypermnesia using individual words and pictures is a reliable phenomenon, provided ceiling effects can be prevented, and access to the original episodic information takes place using alternative retrieval pathways.
本文提出了记忆增强的替代检索途径（ARP）假说。该假说预测，只要提供通向原始情景记忆痕迹的替代检索途径，就会出现记忆增强（初次学习后回忆或识别能力的净提升）。这一假说的初步证据来自两项实验，它们检验了其形式转换假设的一个非显而易见的预测，即如果在识别而非回忆中，项目编码和检索之间需要强制性的形式转换，那么在识别中会出现记忆增强，而在回忆中则不会。在第一个实验中，相同的参与者接触相同的项目，并具有类似的编码和检索条件，结果显示出识别记忆增强，而未显示出回忆记忆增强。在一项被试间设计的实验中，第二个实验使用不同的识别程序和三次而非两次测试试验，重复了识别记忆增强的结果，而回忆记忆增强仍然未出现。讨论了ARP假说与其他当前理论相比的启发价值。得出的结论是，只要能够防止天花板效应，并且使用替代检索途径获取原始情景信息，那么使用单个单词和图片的识别记忆增强就是一种可靠的现象。
