Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute of the "Cavalieri Ottolenghi" Foundation, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy.
Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Turin, Italy.
Neural Regen Res. 2012 Oct 15;7(29):2259-66. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.29.003.
Inflammatory events occurring in the distal part of an injured peripheral nerve have, nowadays, a great resonance. Investigating the timing of action of the several cytokines in the important stages of Wallerian degeneration helps to understand the regenerative process and design pharmacologic intervention that promotes and expedites recovery. The complex and synergistic action of inflammatory cytokines finally promotes axonal regeneration. Cytokines can be divided into pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that upregulate and downregulate, respectively, the production of inflammatory mediators. While pro-inflammatory cytokines are expressed in the first phase of Wallerian degeneration and promote the recruitment of macrophages, anti-inflammatory cytokines are expressed after this recruitment and downregulate the production of all cytokines, thus determining the end of the process. In this review, we describe the major inflammatory cytokines involved in Wallerian degeneration and the early phases of nerve regeneration. In particular, we focus on interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-β, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β.
目前，损伤外周神经远端发生的炎症事件备受关注。研究几种细胞因子在 Wallerian 变性重要阶段的作用时机有助于理解再生过程，并设计促进和加速恢复的药物干预措施。炎症细胞因子的复杂协同作用最终促进了轴突再生。细胞因子可分为促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子，它们分别上调和下调炎症介质的产生。虽然促炎细胞因子在外周神经变性的第一阶段表达，并促进巨噬细胞的募集，但抗炎细胞因子在募集后表达，并下调所有细胞因子的产生，从而决定了这一过程的结束。在这篇综述中，我们描述了参与 Wallerian 变性和神经再生早期阶段的主要炎症细胞因子。特别是，我们重点介绍白细胞介素-1、白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-β、白细胞介素-10 和转化生长因子-β。
