Valvi Damaskini, Monfort Nuria, Ventura Rosa, Casas Maribel, Casas Lidia, Sunyer Jordi, Vrijheid Martine
Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015 Mar;218(2):220-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.11.003. Epub 2014 Dec 3.
Developmental exposure to phthalates may be associated with adverse health outcomes but information on the variability and predictors of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations during pregnancy is limited. We evaluated in Spanish pregnant women (n=391) the reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and predictors of exposure. We measured mono-(4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl) phthalate (7-OHMMeOP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-(2-carboxyhexyl) phthalate (MCMHP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) in two spot urine samples collected in the first and third pregnancy trimesters. Questionnaires on predictors and food-frequency questionnaires were administered in the first and/or third pregnancy trimesters. Using creatinine-adjusted phthalate metabolite concentrations (log10-trasformed) we calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Linear mixed and regression models assessed the associations between predictors and phthalate metabolites. The ICCs ranged from 0.24 to 0.07 and were higher for MBzP, MEP, MiBP, and lower for MEOHP and MEHHP. Overweight, lower education and social class, and less frequent consumption of organic food were associated with higher levels of some phthalate metabolites. The use of household cleaning products (bleach, ammonia, glass cleaners, oven cleaning sprays and degreasing products) at least once per week during pregnancy was associated with 10-44% higher urinary phthalate metabolites. Bottled-water consumption, consumption of food groups usually stored in plastic containers or cans, use of plastic containers for heating food and cosmetic use were not associated with increased concentrations of phthalate metabolites. This large study with repeated phthalate measurements suggests that, in this Spanish setting, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and household cleaning product use are better predictors of phthalate exposure levels in pregnant women than average water and food consumption and use of plastic containers and cosmetics.
孕期接触邻苯二甲酸盐可能与不良健康后果有关，但关于孕期尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度的变异性和预测因素的信息有限。我们评估了西班牙孕妇（n = 391）尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度的可重复性及暴露的预测因素。我们测量了在妊娠早期和晚期收集的两份随机尿样中的单（4-甲基-7-羟基辛基）邻苯二甲酸酯（7-OHMMeOP）、单（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEHP）、单（2-乙基-5-羟基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEHHP）、单（2-乙基-5-氧代己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MEOHP）、单（2-乙基-5-羧基戊基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MECPP）、单（2-羧基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MCMHP）、单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）、单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）、单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MiBP）和单正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）。在妊娠早期和/或晚期发放了关于预测因素的问卷和食物频率问卷。使用肌酐校正的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度（对数转换）计算组内相关系数（ICC）。线性混合模型和回归模型评估了预测因素与邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物之间的关联。ICC范围为0.24至0.07，MBzP、MEP、MiBP的ICC较高，MEOHP和MEHHP的ICC较低。超重、较低的教育程度和社会阶层以及较少食用有机食品与某些邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物水平较高有关。孕期每周至少使用一次家用清洁产品（漂白剂、氨水、玻璃清洁剂、烤箱清洁喷雾和脱脂产品）与尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物水平高10 - 44%有关。饮用瓶装水、食用通常储存在塑料容器或罐头中的食物组、使用塑料容器加热食物和使用化妆品与邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度升高无关。这项对邻苯二甲酸酯进行重复测量的大型研究表明，在西班牙这种情况下，社会人口统计学和生活方式因素以及家用清洁产品的使用比平均水和食物消耗以及塑料容器和化妆品的使用更能预测孕妇邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露水平。
