Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Environ Int. 2022 Apr;162:107150. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107150. Epub 2022 Mar 2.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pregnant women are exposed to multiple phthalates and their replacements, which are endocrine disrupting chemicals associated with adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Identifying maternal characteristics associated with phthalate/replacement exposure during pregnancy is important.
We evaluated 13 maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, enrollment year, and conception season as determinants of exposure biomarkers of phthalates and their replacements in 482 pregnant women from the Illinois Kids Development Study (I-KIDS, enrolled 2013-2018). We quantified 19 phthalate/replacement metabolites in pools of five first-morning urines collected across pregnancy. K-means clustering identified women with distinct patterns of biomarker concentrations and principal component analysis (PCA) identified principal component (PC) profiles of biomarkers that exist together. We used multivariable regression models to evaluate associations of predictors with identified k-means clusters and PCs.
K-means clustering identified two clusters of women: 1) low phthalate/di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (∑DEHTP) and 2) high phthalate/∑DEHTP biomarker concentrations. PCA identified four PCs with loadings heaviest for biomarkers of plasticizer phthalates [di-isononyl, di-isodecyl, di-n-octyl phthalates] (PC1), of other phthalates [dibenzyl, di-n-butyl, di-iso-butyl phthalates] (PC2), of phthalate replacements [∑DEHTP, di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (∑DiNCH)] (PC3), and of monoethyl phthalate [MEP] (PC4). Overall, age, marital status, income, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, caffeine intake, enrollment year, and conception season were independently associated with k-means cluster membership and at least one PC. Additionally, race/ethnicity, education, employment, pregnancy intention, smoking status, alcohol intake, and diet were associated with at least one PC. For instance, women who conceived in the spring, summer, and/or fall months had lower odds of high phthalate/∑DEHTP cluster membership and had lower plasticizer phthalate, phthalate replacement, and MEP PC scores.
Conception season, enrollment year, and several sociodemographic/lifestyle factors were predictive of phthalate/replacement biomarker profiles. Future studies should corroborate these findings, with a special focus on replacements to which pregnant women are becoming increasingly exposed.
背景/目的：孕妇会接触到多种邻苯二甲酸酯及其替代品，这些物质都是具有内分泌干扰作用的化学物质，与母婴健康不良结局有关。确定与孕妇怀孕期间邻苯二甲酸酯/替代品暴露相关的母体特征非常重要。
我们评估了 13 项母体社会人口统计学和生活方式因素、入组年份和受孕季节，以确定来自伊利诺伊州儿童发展研究（I-KIDS）的 482 名孕妇的邻苯二甲酸酯和替代品生物标志物暴露的决定因素。我们在妊娠期间收集的五份晨尿样本中定量了 19 种邻苯二甲酸酯/替代品代谢物。K-均值聚类确定了具有不同生物标志物浓度模式的女性，并通过主成分分析（PCA）确定了共同存在的生物标志物主成分（PC）图谱。我们使用多变量回归模型评估了预测因素与确定的 K-均值聚类和 PCs 的关联。
K-均值聚类确定了两组女性：1）低邻苯二甲酸/二（2-乙基己基）对苯二甲酸酯（∑DEHTP）和 2）高邻苯二甲酸/∑DEHTP 生物标志物浓度。PCA 确定了四个具有最大塑料增塑剂邻苯二甲酸负荷的 PC，[邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯]（PC1）、其他邻苯二甲酸[邻苯二甲酸二苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯]（PC2）、邻苯二甲酸酯替代品[∑DEHTP、邻苯二甲酸二（异壬基）环己烷-1,2-二羧酸酯（∑DiNCH）]（PC3）和单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）（PC4）。总体而言，年龄、婚姻状况、收入、生育次数、孕前 BMI、咖啡因摄入量、入组年份和受孕季节与 K-均值聚类成员和至少一个 PC 独立相关。此外，种族/民族、教育程度、就业状况、妊娠意向、吸烟状况、饮酒量和饮食与至少一个 PC 相关。例如，在春季、夏季和/或秋季受孕的女性，高邻苯二甲酸/∑DEHTP 聚类成员的可能性较低，并且塑料增塑剂邻苯二甲酸酯、邻苯二甲酸酯替代品和 MEP PC 评分较低。
受孕季节、入组年份和一些社会人口统计学/生活方式因素可预测邻苯二甲酸酯/替代品生物标志物谱。未来的研究应该证实这些发现，特别关注孕妇接触越来越多的替代品。
