Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Environ Res. 2022 Sep;212(Pt A):113203. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113203. Epub 2022 Mar 28.
Previous studies have provided data on determinants of phthalates in pregnant women, but results were disparate across regions. We aimed to identify the food groups and demographic factors that predict phthalate exposure in an urban contemporary pregnancy cohort in the US. The study included 450 pregnant women from the New York University Children's Health and Environment Study in New York City. Urinary concentrations of 22 phthalate metabolites, including metabolites of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), were determined at three time points across pregnancy by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The Diet History Questionnaire II was completed by pregnant women at mid-pregnancy to assess dietary information. Linear mixed models were fitted to examine determinants of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations. Using partial-linear single-index (PLSI) models, we assessed the major contributors, among ten food groups, to phthalate exposure. Metabolites of DEHP and its ortho-phthalate replacement, diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), were found in >90% of the samples. The sum of creatinine-adjusted DiNP metabolite concentrations was higher in older and single women and in samples collected in summer. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women had lower urinary concentrations of summed metabolites of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), but higher concentrations of low molecular weight phthalates compared with non-Hispanic White women. Each doubling of grain products consumed was associated with a 20.9% increase in ∑DiNP concentrations (95%CI: 4.5, 39.9). PLSI models revealed that intake of dried beans and peas was the main dietary factor contributing to urinary ∑DEHP, ∑DiNP, and ∑DnOP levels, with contribution proportions of 76.3%, 35.8%, and 27.4%, respectively. Urinary metabolite levels of phthalates in pregnant women in NYC varied by age, marital status, seasonality, race/ethnicity, and diet. These results lend insight into the major determinants of phthalates levels, and may be used to identify exposure sources and guide interventions to reduce exposures in susceptible populations.
先前的研究提供了有关孕妇体内邻苯二甲酸酯决定因素的数据,但结果因地区而异。我们旨在确定食物组和人口统计学因素,以预测美国城市当代妊娠队列中的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露。该研究包括来自纽约市纽约大学儿童健康与环境研究的 450 名孕妇。在整个怀孕期间的三个时间点,通过液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了 22 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物(包括邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的代谢物)的尿液浓度。孕妇在妊娠中期完成了饮食史问卷 II 以评估饮食信息。线性混合模型用于检查尿液邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度的决定因素。使用部分线性单指标(PLSI)模型,我们评估了十个食物组中邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的主要贡献者。DEHP 及其邻苯二甲酸酯替代品二异壬基邻苯二甲酸酯(DiNP)的代谢物在超过 90%的样本中均有发现。夏季采集的样本中,校正肌酐后的 DiNP 代谢物浓度总和在年龄较大和单身女性中较高。与非西班牙裔白人女性相比,西班牙裔和非西班牙裔黑人女性的二辛基邻苯二甲酸酯(DnOP)总和代谢物浓度较低,但低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯浓度较高。谷物产品摄入量每增加一倍,∑DiNP 浓度就会增加 20.9%(95%CI:4.5,39.9)。PLSI 模型显示,食用干豆和豌豆是导致尿液中∑DEHP、∑DiNP 和∑DnOP 水平升高的主要饮食因素,贡献率分别为 76.3%、35.8%和 27.4%。纽约市孕妇尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物水平因年龄、婚姻状况、季节性、种族/民族和饮食而异。这些结果深入了解了邻苯二甲酸酯水平的主要决定因素,并可用于确定暴露源并指导干预措施,以减少易感人群的暴露。