Young Ryan M, Burkett-Cadena Nathan D, McGaha Tommy W, Rodriguez-Perez Mario A, Toé Laurent D, Adeleke Monsuru A, Sanfo Moussa, Soungalo Traore, Katholi Charles R, Noblet Raymond, Fadamiro Henry, Torres-Estrada Jose L, Salinas-Carmona Mario C, Baker Bill, Unnasch Thomas R, Cupp Eddie W
Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America.
Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Jan 8;9(1):e3450. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003450. eCollection 2015 Jan.
Entomological indicators are considered key metrics to document the interruption of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus, the etiological agent of human onchocerciasis. Human landing collection is the standard employed for collection of the vectors for this parasite. Recent studies reported the development of traps that have the potential for replacing humans for surveillance of O. volvulus in the vector population. However, the key chemical components of human odor that are attractive to vector black flies have not been identified.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Human sweat compounds were analyzed using GC-MS analysis and compounds common to three individuals identified. These common compounds, with others previously identified as attractive to other hematophagous arthropods were evaluated for their ability to stimulate and attract the major onchocerciasis vectors in Africa (Simulium damnosum sensu lato) and Latin America (Simulium ochraceum s. l.) using electroantennography and a Y tube binary choice assay. Medium chain length carboxylic acids and aldehydes were neurostimulatory for S. damnosum s.l. while S. ochraceum s.l. was stimulated by short chain aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes. Both species were attracted to ammonium bicarbonate and acetophenone. The compounds were shown to be attractive to the relevant vector species in field studies, when incorporated into a formulation that permitted a continuous release of the compound over time and used in concert with previously developed trap platforms.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of compounds attractive to the major vectors of O. volvulus will permit the development of optimized traps. Such traps may replace the use of human vector collectors for monitoring the effectiveness of onchocerciasis elimination programs and could find use as a contributing component in an integrated vector control/drug program aimed at eliminating river blindness in Africa.
昆虫学指标被视为记录盘尾丝虫病传播阻断情况的关键指标，盘尾丝虫病是人类盘尾丝虫病的病原体。人工诱捕是采集该寄生虫传播媒介的标准方法。最近的研究报告了一些诱捕器的开发情况，这些诱捕器有可能取代人工来监测媒介种群中的盘尾丝虫。然而，对媒介黑蝇具有吸引力的人体气味关键化学成分尚未确定。
方法/主要发现：使用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分析法分析人体汗液化合物，并确定三个人共有的化合物。利用触角电位测定法和Y型管二元选择试验，评估这些共有化合物以及其他先前确定对其他吸血节肢动物具有吸引力的化合物刺激和吸引非洲（广义的恶蚋）和拉丁美洲（赭色蚋）主要盘尾丝虫病传播媒介的能力。中链长度的羧酸和醛类对广义的恶蚋具有神经刺激作用，而短链脂肪醇和醛类则刺激赭色蚋。两种蚋都被碳酸氢铵和苯乙酮吸引。在实地研究中，当将这些化合物掺入一种能使化合物随时间持续释放的制剂中，并与先前开发的诱捕平台配合使用时，证明这些化合物对相关媒介物种具有吸引力。
结论/意义：确定对盘尾丝虫主要传播媒介具有吸引力的化合物将有助于开发优化的诱捕器。此类诱捕器可能会取代人工媒介采集者来监测盘尾丝虫病消除计划的效果，并可作为旨在消除非洲河盲症的综合媒介控制/药物计划的一个组成部分。
